scholarly journals Investigação Quanto ao Papel de Círculos Sociais no Desempenho Discente no Ensino Superior Utilizando Análise de Redes Complexas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Concatto ◽  
Alex Luciano Roesler Rese ◽  
Rafael De Santiago ◽  
Rudimar Luis Scaranto Dazzi ◽  
Anita Maria da Rocha Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Circle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The individual behavior of human beings is susceptible to influencesfrom their peers. It is known that contact between individuals,both direct and indirect, can foster or inhibit a considerable rangeof human characteristics and behaviors. This study aims to evaluatethe impact of the social context of undergraduate students on theiracademic performance, understanding "social context"as the averageperformance of classmates socially close to each student. Ourmethodology involves reconstructing the underlying social networkof a class computationally, using data gathered from a questionnaireapplied to the students of the class, and testing the hypothesis thatthe change in the grade of a student can be accurately modeledas a linear function of the differences between the student’s gradeand the mean of their peers’ grades. The results show that defininga student’s social circle as the community they belong to insteadof their set of neighbors allows for the construction of statisticalmodels with significatively higher predictive potential

Impulse aus der Augustinforschung

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
Volker Henning Drecoll
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good And Evil

AbstractResearch in Augustine is manifold. Recent scholarship in Germany focused upon Augustine‘s heresiology (esp. against Manichaeism, but also Pelagianism, Donatism, Priscillianism), the controversy with Neoplatonism, his exegesis (esp. in sermons and in de Genesi ad litteram), emotions (esp. for the description of sin and grace), and his widespread correspondence. As important impulses for modern theology, his concept of God may be of special interest. God establishes his will in time and history and cannot be urged against his will. This is the presupposition not only for Augustine’s christology and pneumatology, but also for his understanding of history and his doctrine of grace. The latter takes into consideration the social context of human beings, the emotional character of voluntary decisions and the ongoing development of individual identity. Furthermore, good and evil are not equal options, but the good is only possible if God enables the individual to act according to his insights and exerts a direct influence upon one's will. Insights or knowledge are not salvific by themselves, but belong to one’s development that leads to a better understanding of creation and revelation exactly when it is orientated towards God’s salvific operations.

scholarly journals Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick A. R. Jones ◽  
Helen C. Spence-Jones ◽  
Mike Webster ◽  
Luke Rendell
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Behavioural Phenotype ◽  
Social Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Learning can enable rapid behavioural responses to changing conditions but can depend on the social context and behavioural phenotype of the individual. Learning rates have been linked to consistent individual differences in behavioural traits, especially in situations which require engaging with novelty, but the social environment can also play an important role. The presence of others can modulate the effects of individual behavioural traits and afford access to social information that can reduce the need for ‘risky’ asocial learning. Most studies of social effects on learning are focused on more social species; however, such factors can be important even for less-social animals, including non-grouping or facultatively social species which may still derive benefit from social conditions. Using archerfish, Toxotes chatareus, which exhibit high levels of intra-specific competition and do not show a strong preference for grouping, we explored the effect of social contexts on learning. Individually housed fish were assayed in an ‘open-field’ test and then trained to criterion in a task where fish learnt to shoot a novel cue for a food reward—with a conspecific neighbour visible either during training, outside of training or never (full, partial or no visible presence). Time to learn to shoot the novel cue differed across individuals but not across social context. This suggests that social context does not have a strong effect on learning in this non-obligatory social species; instead, it further highlights the importance that inter-individual variation in behavioural traits can have on learning. Significance statement Some individuals learn faster than others. Many factors can affect an animal’s learning rate—for example, its behavioural phenotype may make it more or less likely to engage with novel objects. The social environment can play a big role too—affecting learning directly and modifying the effects of an individual’s traits. Effects of social context on learning mostly come from highly social species, but recent research has focused on less-social animals. Archerfish display high intra-specific competition, and our study suggests that social context has no strong effect on their learning to shoot novel objects for rewards. Our results may have some relevance for social enrichment and welfare of this increasingly studied species, suggesting there are no negative effects of short- to medium-term isolation of this species—at least with regards to behavioural performance and learning tasks.

The Subjective Present and Its Modulation in Clinical Contexts

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Tschacher ◽  
Fabian Ramseyer ◽  
Claudia Bergomi
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gestalt Perception ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Techniques ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Time is a basic dimension in psychology, underlying behavior and experience. Timing and time perception constitute implicit processes that are often inaccessible to the individual person. Research in this field has shown that timing is involved in many areas of clinical significance. In the projects presented here, we combine timing with seemingly different fields of research, such as psychopathology, perceptual grouping, and embodied cognition. Focusing on the time scale of the subjective present, we report findings from three different clinical studies: (1) We studied perceived causality in schizophrenia patients, finding that perceptual grouping (‘binding’, ‘Gestalt formation’), which leads to visual causality perceptions, did not distinguish between patients and healthy controls. Patients however did integrate context (provided by the temporal distribution of auditory context stimuli) less into perceptions, in significant contrast to controls. This is consistent with reports of higher inaccuracy in schizophrenia patients’ temporal processing. (2) In a project on auditory Gestalt perception we investigated auditory perceptual grouping in schizophrenia patients. The mean dwell time was positively related to how much patients were prone to auditory hallucinations. Dwell times of auditory Gestalts may be regarded as operationalizations of the subjective present; findings thus suggested that patients with hallucinations had a shorter present. (3) The movement correlations of interacting individuals were used to study the non-verbal synchrony between therapist and patient in psychotherapy sessions. We operationalized the duration of an embodied ‘social present’ by the statistical significance of such associations, finding a window of roughly 5.7 seconds in conversing dyads. We discuss that temporal scales of nowness may be modifiable, e.g., by mindfulness. This yields promising goals for future research on timing in the clinical context: psychotherapeutic techniques may alter binding processes, hence the subjective present of individuals, and may affect the social present in therapeutic interactions.

scholarly journals An Improved Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization with the Social Character of PSO for Global Optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zou ◽  
Debao Chen ◽  
Jiangtao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Global Solutions ◽  
Function Optimization ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Social Character ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teaching Learning Based Optimization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Teaching Learning

An improved teaching-learning-based optimization with combining of the social character of PSO (TLBO-PSO), which is considering the teacher’s behavior influence on the students and the mean grade of the class, is proposed in the paper to find the global solutions of function optimization problems. In this method, the teacher phase of TLBO is modified; the new position of the individual is determined by the old position, the mean position, and the best position of current generation. The method overcomes disadvantage that the evolution of the original TLBO might stop when the mean position of students equals the position of the teacher. To decrease the computation cost of the algorithm, the process of removing the duplicate individual in original TLBO is not adopted in the improved algorithm. Moreover, the probability of local convergence of the improved method is decreased by the mutation operator. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on some benchmark functions, and the results are competitive with respect to some other methods.

scholarly journals The allure of celebrities: unpacking their polysemic consumer appeal

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 2025-2053
Author(s):  
Markus Wohlfeil ◽  
Anthony Patterson ◽  
Stephen J. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Link ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to explain a celebrity’s deep resonance with consumers by unpacking the individual constituents of a celebrity’s polysemic appeal. While celebrities are traditionally theorised as unidimensional semiotic receptacles of cultural meaning, the authors conceptualise them here instead as human beings/performers with a multi-constitutional, polysemic consumer appeal. Design/methodology/approach Supporting evidence is drawn from autoethnographic data collected over a total period of 25 months and structured through a hermeneutic analysis. Findings In rehumanising the celebrity, the study finds that each celebrity offers the individual consumer a unique and very personal parasocial appeal as the performer, the private person behind the public performer, the tangible manifestation of either through products and the social link to other consumers. The stronger these constituents, individually or symbiotically, appeal to the consumer’s personal desires, the more s/he feels emotionally attached to this particular celebrity. Research limitations/implications Although using autoethnography means that the breadth of collected data is limited, the depth of insight this approach garners sufficiently unpacks the polysemic appeal of celebrities to consumers. Practical implications The findings encourage talent agents, publicists and marketing managers to reconsider underlying assumptions in their talent management and/or celebrity endorsement practices. Originality/value While prior research on celebrity appeal has tended to enshrine celebrities in a “dehumanised” structuralist semiosis, which erases the very idea of individualised consumer meanings, this paper reveals the multi-constitutional polysemy of any particular celebrity’s personal appeal as a performer and human being to any particular consumer.

The Acceptability of Physical Restraint Procedures for People with a Learning Difficulty

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. McDonnell ◽  
Peter Sturmey ◽  
Bob Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Treatment Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Learning Difficulty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Evaluation Inventory

Three methods of physical restraint were videotaped and presented to two groups of subjects (undergraduate students and teenagers). Two of the methods recommended restraining a person with a learning difficulty on the ground; the other method proposed seating the individual in a chair. Subjects were asked to rate the social acceptability of the procedures using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI). Both undergraduate students and teenagers rated the chair method as more acceptable. The implications of these findings for the use of physical restraint procedures were discussed.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Perceived Respect among Elders: Changing Perceptions for Some Ethnic Groups

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith G. Chipperfield ◽  
Betty Havens
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis study assessed changes in older peoples' levels of perceived respect between the 1970s and the 1980s using data from the Aging in Manitoba Study. A longitudinal analysis was conducted for Manitobans, age 65 and over, who were interviewed in the mid 1970s and subsequently reinterviewed in the early 1980s. Changes in perceived respect scores for those who survived into the 1980s, and who provided ratings at both interviews (n = 776), were assessed in a repeated measures ANOVA. Significant increases were found in the mean level of respect for some ethnic groups, namely for the British, French, and German. A subsequent analysis indicated that the reported improvements in perceived respect could not be explained by participation in the study. These results may suggest that over the decade, the social climate of the elderly population in Manitoba has improved, at least for some ethnic groups.

Redistribution under the Social Security benefit formula at the individual and household levels, 1992 and 2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN L. GUSTMAN ◽  
THOMAS L. STEINMEIER ◽  
NAHID TABATABAI
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Earning ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractStudies using data from the early 1990s suggested that while the progressive Social Security benefit formula succeeded in redistributing benefits from individuals with high earnings to individuals with low earnings, it was much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high earnings to households with low earnings. Wives often earned much less than their husbands. As a result, much of the redistribution at the individual level was effectively from high earning husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from high income households. Both factors mitigate redistribution at the household level. It has been argued that with the increase in the labor force participation and earnings of women, Social Security now should do a better job of redistributing benefits at the household level. To be sure, when we compare outcomes for a cohort with a household member age 51 to 56 in 1992 with those from a cohort born twelve years later, redistribution at the household level has increased over time. Nevertheless, as of 2004 there still is substantially less redistribution of benefits from high to low earning households than from high to low earning individuals.

scholarly journals School and community relationship in the perspective of Health Promotion

10.3823/2415 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Benegelania Pinto ◽  
Kênia Lara Silva ◽  
Luciana Dantas Farias de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Social Context ◽  
School Community ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
School And Community ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Community Relationship

Goals: The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific production on the relationship between school and community in the perspective of Health Promotion. Method: Integrative review. The search was guided by question: How has the relationship between school and community occurred in Health Promotion? Results: Nine studies were selected in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published from April 2006 to April 2016. Most of the rescued studies showed that the type of relationship between school and community has based on actions that are not linked to the principles of Health Promotion, mostly focused on the individual, without considering collective issues, risk factors that cause illness, disconnected from the social context. Few studies present advances in Health Promotion with a critical-citizen perspective and experiences with the potential for the necessary establishment of the school and community relation. Conclusion: Although the relationship between school and community in the perspective of Health Promotion presents as elementary and not deepened, the successful experiences show good prospects of overcoming. It is necessary to move forward and bring the relationship between school and community in a synergetic movement in favor of Health Promotion. Descriptors: Health promotion; School; Community.

scholarly journals Adversity, Uncertainty and Elevated Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A New Understanding through Resiliency and Positive Psychotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevgi Güney
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Positive Psychotherapy ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Severe Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The content of thought, which emerges from the processing of information from the social context lived, is a critical factor that guides whether the behavior is psychopathological or not. In cases where worry, anxiety and fear are dominant in the content of thought, the individual may find himself in some psychopathological processes. Adversity and uncertainty are the main factors that lead to the experience of worry, anxiety and fear which is the last point of these. Uncertainty of information from the social context lived, when matched with adversity, may lead to chaotic situations at the cognitive level, e.g., thought contents such as distortions in thought, severe anxiety and fear. Obsessive compulsive disorder derives from severe worry and anxiety. Although the disorder is classified under anxiety disorders, it is actually a thought distortion disorder. The individual finds himself repeating the strange behavior patterns accompanied by strange thought contents in order to get rid of the severe anxiety and accelerated thought cycle he is exposed to. Ambiguity and uncertainty also may lead to the accelerated thought cycle, ruminations, severe thought distortions, over-generalizations. Ruminations, especially, impair the individual’s ability to think and process emotions gradually. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder will be discussed in terms of ambiguity and uncertainty with the combination of adversity. Positive Psychotherapy, which is one of the latest effective technique in recovery processes of the diseases, will be mentioned.

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