scholarly journals The effect of printing velocity on the temperature and viscosity of the polymer thread at the nozzle exit in 3D printers

Polimery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Alberto Baeza-Campuzano ◽  
Victor M. Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Angular Frequency ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Fluent Simulation ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a powerful method for advanced additive manufacturing of polymeric materials, due to its simplicity and low cost. However, the process implies complex phenomena which are not fully understood yet. In particular, the effect of viscosity on the printed thread is a key parameter to control if good quality products are to be obtained. Experimental data of two grades of acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene copolymer (ABS) was employed to analyse, by using ANSYS Fluent simulation package, six printing velocities at a temperature of 230°C. A drastic temperature change was observed as the printing velocity increases, confirming the effect of viscosity on the shear created on the wall of the nozzle transversal to the printing bed. The polymers analysed present different viscosity behavior even under the same angular frequency range (0.1 to 100 rad/s), and testing temperature (230°C), which could lead to inhomogeneities. Our results allow taking into account these parameters as part of the design criteria.

scholarly journals Tensile Mechanical Behaviour of Multi-Polymer Sandwich Structures via Fused Deposition Modelling

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Moises Baca Lopez ◽  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Homogeneous Materials ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
High Level

The application of single homogeneous materials produced through the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology restricts the production of high-level multi-material components. The fabrication of a sandwich-structured specimen with different material combinations using conventional thermoplastics such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) through the filament-based extrusion process can demonstrate an improvement on its properties. This paper aims to assess among these materials, the best material sandwich-structured arrangement design, to enhance the mechanical properties of a part and to compare the results with the homogeneous materials selected. The samples were subjected to tensile testing to identify the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus of each material combination. The experimental results demonstrate that applying the PLA-ABS-PLA sandwich arrangement leads to the best mechanical properties between these materials. This study enables users to consider sandwich structure designs as an alternative to manufacturing multi-material components using conventional and low-cost materials. Future work will consider the flexural tests to identify the maximum stresses and bending forces under pressure.

Investigations for partial denture casting by fused deposition modelling-assisted chemical vapour smoothing

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-754
Author(s):  
Gurpartap Singh ◽  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
S.S. Bal
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
View Point ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Set Up

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate dimensional accuracy (Δd), surface roughness (Ra) and micro hardness (HV) of partial dentures (PD) prepared with synergic combination of fused deposition modelling (FDM) assisted chemical vapour smoothing (CVS) patterns and conventional dental casting (DC) from multi-factor optimization view point. Design/methodology/approach The master pattern for PD was prepared with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastic on FDM set-up (one of the low cost additive manufacturing process) followed by CVS process. The final PD as functional prototypes was casted with nickel–chromium-based (Ni-Cr) alloy by varying Ni% (Z). The other input parameters were powder to water ratio P/W (X) and pH value (Y) of water used. Findings The results of this study suggest that for controlling the Δd and Ra of the PD, most important factor is X, followed by Z. For hardness of PD, the most important factor is Z. But from overall optimization viewpoint, the best settings are X-100/12, Y-10 and Z-61% (in Ni-Cr alloy). Further, based upon X-bar chart (for HV), the FDM-assisted DC process used for preparation of PD is statistically controlled. Originality/value This study highlights that PD prepared with X-100/12, Y-10 and Z-61% gives overall better results from multi-factor optimization view point. Finally, X-bar chart has been plotted to understand the statistical nature of the synergic combination of FDM, CVS and DC.

The Study and Development of Factor Affecting the Smoothness in 3D Printed Part Surface Treatment via Acetone Vapor

2019 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
pp. 174-180
Author(s):  
Ramil Kesvarakul ◽  
Khompee Limpadapun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Finish ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Acetone Vapor ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) has been extensively used in low-cost printers. However, the fundamental working principle (layered manufacturing) is resulted in the poor quality of the surface texture, the dimensional inaccuracy of fabricated parts, the limits its domain all issues often take place in precision industrial applications. In this paper, initially FDM based acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) model have been fabricated. In the post-processing stage, the vapor of acetone has been applied to the specimen. Then the changes in the surface finish and surface roughness have been investigated. The study highlighted that the post-processing of ABS specimen with acetone vapor treatment resulted in dramatic improvement of surface finish. Finally, parameter setting that gave the acceptable results while considering all the responses simultaneously.

scholarly journals 3D FDM production and mechanical behavior of polymeric sandwich specimens embedding classical and honeycomb cores

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Brischetto ◽  
Carlo Giovanni Ferro ◽  
Roberto Torre ◽  
Paolo Maggiore
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Honeycomb Core ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Small Uav ◽  
Honeycomb Cores

Abstract Desktop 3D FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) printers are usually employed for the production of nonstructural objects. In recent years, the present authors tried to use this technology also to produce structural elements employed in the construction of small UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Mechanical stresses are not excessive for small multirotor UAVs. Therefore, the FDM technique combined with polymers, such as the ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and the PLA(Poly Lactic Acid), can be successfully employed to produce structural components. The present new work is devoted to the production and preliminary structural analysis of sandwich configurations. These new lamination schemes could lead to an important weight reduction without significant decreases of mechanical properties. Therefore, it could be possible, for the designed application (e.g., a multifunctional small UAV produced via FDM), to have stiffener and lighter structures easy to be manufactured with a low-cost 3D printer. The new sandwich specimens here proposed are PLA sandwich specimens embedding a PLA honeycomb core produced by means of the same extruder, multilayered specimens with ABS external layers and an internal homogeneous PLA core using different extruders for the two materials, sandwich specimens with external ABS skins and an internal PLA honeycomb core using different extruders for the two materials, and sandwich specimens where two different extruders have been employed for PLA material used for skins and for the internal honeycomb core. For all the proposed configurations, a detailed description of the production activity is given.Moreover, several preliminary results about three-point bending tests, different mechanical behaviors and relative delamination problems for each sandwich configuration will be discussed in depth.

scholarly journals Optical characterization of 3D printed PLA and ABS filaments for diffuse optics applications

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253181
Author(s):  
Caterina Amendola ◽  
Michele Lacerenza ◽  
Ileana Pirovano ◽  
Davide Contini ◽  
Lorenzo Spinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Diffuse Optics ◽  
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

The interest for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in the field of Diffuse Optics (DO) is rapidly increasing. The most widespread FDM materials are polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), thanks to their low cost and easiness-to-print. This is why, in this study, 3D printed samples of PLA and ABS materials were optically characterized in the range from the UV up to the IR wavelengths, in order to test their possible employment for probe construction in DO applications. To this purpose, measurements with Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy techniques were considered. The results obtained show how the material employed for probe construction can negatively affect the quality of DO measurements.

Effect of Processing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 919 ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Maloch ◽  
Eva Hnátková ◽  
Milan Žaludek ◽  
Petr Krátký
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Functional Components

3D printing technology enables the production of functional components in small quantities which can be used as end-use parts. The mechanical properties of the final product define its quality and determine its success or failure in a given application. One at the various additive manufacturing technologies - Fused Deposition Modelling is very often used due to its relatively low cost and the availability of 3D printers and thermoplastic materials. During the process, there are many factors that can affect the mechanical properties of the final product. The temperature of the extrusion nozzle and the layer thickness are two of the basic process parameters. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of these two processing parameters on the final mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Mechanical testing includes the tensile and flexural strength, as well as tensile and flexural modulus.

scholarly journals On the 3D printing of recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS thermoplastics for structural applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranvijay Kumar ◽  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
Ilenia Farina
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Composite Form ◽  
Material Printing

Purpose Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an established process to print structural parts of metals, ceramic and polymers. Further, multi-material 3DP has the potentials to be a milestone in rapid manufacturing (RM), customized design and structural applications. Being compatible as functionally graded materials in a single structural form, multi-material-based 3D printed parts can be applied in structural applications to get the benefit of modified properties. Design/methodology/approach The fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the established low cost 3DP techniques which can be used for printing functional/ non-functional prototypes in civil engineering applications. Findings The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in composite form. Thermal (glass transition temperature and heat capacity) and mechanical properties (break load, break strength, break elongation, percentage elongation at break and Young’s modulus) have been analysed to observe the behaviour of multi-material composites prepared by 3DP. This study also highlights the process parameters optimization of FDM supported with photomicrographs. Originality/value The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS in composite form.

Effects of vacuum exposure on mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Rodrigues Dos Santos ◽  
Isla Kalleny Marques Brandão ◽  
Mateus Silva Sant'Ana ◽  
Pedro Henrique dos Santos Alves ◽  
Rana Mayeli Piêgas Taborda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Pressure Oscillation ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Fused Deposition

The present paper proposes the study of the behavior of three thermoplastic materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PETG), processed by additive manufacturing type fused deposition modelling (FDM) when exposed to low vacuum. The experiment was composed of three moments consisting of tridimensional modeling and manufacturing of the specimens, drying process and vacuum exposure for 24 hours, according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6653/D6653M standards, and bending test for the determination of mechanical properties, based on ASTM D790 standards. The vacuum chamber tests exposed oscillations in the pressure indicating gases releasing from the specimen, but none of the samples showed visible deformations. Subjecting the materials exposed to low vacuum to bending tests and comparing them to the unexposed material, we observed a significant increase in the calculated modulus of elasticity and a change in the slope of graphic force versus deflection in all materials. This behavior demonstrates that it is possible to submit polymeric materials to vacuum, and low vacuum exposure can be a treatment for thermoplastic materials. In the future, a study using a spectrometer will be necessary to verify which gases are present during pressure oscillation in the chamber, thus making it possible to understand which factor has increased the mechanical properties of the materials. In sequence, experiments will be necessary to validate the vacuum exposure as a form of treatment of materials and to verify the possibility of applying thermoplastics commonly used in additive manufacturing for low-impact space applications.

scholarly journals An Overview of Natural Polymers as Reinforcing Agents for 3D Printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Beatrice Sabbatini ◽  
Alessandra Cambriani ◽  
Marco Cespi ◽  
Giovanni Filippo Palmieri ◽  
Diego Romano Perinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Glass Carbon

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, is a group of innovative technologies that are increasingly employed for the production of 3D objects in different fields, including pharmaceutics, engineering, agri-food and medicines. The most processed materials by 3D printing techniques (e.g., fused deposition modelling, FDM; selective laser sintering, SLS; stereolithography, SLA) are polymeric materials since they offer chemical resistance, are low cost and have easy processability. However, one main drawback of using these materials alone (e.g., polylactic acid, PLA) in the manufacturing process is related to the poor mechanical and tensile properties of the final product. To overcome these limitations, fillers can be added to the polymeric matrix during the manufacturing to act as reinforcing agents. These include inorganic or organic materials such as glass, carbon fibers, silicon, ceramic or metals. One emerging approach is the employment of natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) as reinforcing agents, which are extracted from plants or obtained from biomasses or agricultural/industrial wastes. The advantages of using these natural materials as fillers for 3D printing are related to their availability together with the possibility of producing printed specimens with a smaller environmental impact and higher biodegradability. Therefore, they represent a “green option” for 3D printing processing, and many studies have been published in the last year to evaluate their ability to improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. The present review provides an overview of the recent literature regarding natural polymers as reinforcing agents for 3D printing.

Performance of Low-Cost 3D Printer in Medical Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽  
Azib Azhari Awang Dahan ◽  
Sharifah Imihezri Syed Shaharuddin ◽  
Nor Farah Huda Abd Halim
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Total Deformation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Porosity Level ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters

Abstract Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that produces a physical object directly from a CAD design using layer-by-layer deposition of the filament material that is extruded via a nozzle. In industry, FDM has become one of the most used AM processes for the production of low batch quantity and functional prototypes, due to its safety, efficiency, reliability, low cost, and ability to process manufacturing-grade engineering thermoplastic. Recently, the market is flooded with the availability of low-cost printers produced by numerous companies. This research aims to investigate the effect of different porosity levels on a scaffold structure produced using a low-cost 3D printer. Comparisons of these porous structures were made in terms of Von-Mises strain, total deformation, as well as compressive stress. Various porosity levels were created by varying printing parameters, including layer height, infill density, and shell thickness by slicing the initial solid CAD file using Repetier Host 3D printing software. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation was then performed on the created scaffold structures by using Ansys Workbench 19.2. The simulation result indicates that the greater porosity level will result in higher total deformation of the structure. Meanwhile, the compression test shows that the minimum strength value obtained was favourable at 22 MPa and had exceeded that of the trabecular femur (15 MPa). However, its porosity level (maximum at 52%) was still below that of the minimum threshold of porosity level of 70 percent. However, the printing parameters currently used can be adjusted in the future. Therefore, it was deduced that the low-cost 3D printer offers promising potential to fabricate different porosity structures with multiple outcomes.

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