scholarly journals Microbiota markers level in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and radiologically isolated syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1S) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
A. N. Boyko ◽  
M. V. Melnikov ◽  
O. V. Boyko ◽  
A. R. Kabaeva ◽  
M. A. Omarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Polymicrobial Infection ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Radiologically Isolated Syndrome

According to numerous studies, gut microbiota plays a significant role in multiple sclerosis (MS) development. However, data on changes in the gut microbiota in MS is often contradictory. The most common approach in gut microbiota research is the 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. However, such data do not reflect the composition of the entire body microbiota. There is also a lack of data on microbiota markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS and predisposing conditions.Objective: to assess the level of microbial markers in the CSF of patients with MS and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS).Patients and methods. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate microbial markers levels in eight patients with MS, five patients with RIS, and seven controls.Results and discussion. We found an increase in microbial load in patients with MS, indicating a possible association of MS with polymicrobial infection. In particular, an increase in the content of Streptococcus markers was observed, as well as a tendency to a three-fold increase in the campesterol content (a marker of campesterol-producing microfungi) in the CSF of patients with MS, compared to the control group (diagnostic punctures, various diseases of the nervous system of a non-autoimmune or inflammatory nature, not acute states).Conclusion. GC-MS of microbial markers can be used to assess the presence of microbial markers in the CSF. The CSF of patients with MS contains an increased amount of various microbial markers, which may indicate a possible association of MS with polymicrobial infection.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Status by β-Carotene in Late Pregnant Sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xupeng Yuan ◽  
Jiahao Yan ◽  
Ruizhi Hu ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Β Carotene

Recent evidences suggest that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating physiological and metabolic activities of pregnant sows, and β-carotene has a potentially positive effect on reproduction, but the impact of β-carotene on gut microbiota in pregnant sows remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of β-carotene on the reproductive performance of sows from the aspect of gut microbiota. A total of 48 hybrid pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with similar parity were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 16) and fed with a basal diet or a diet containing 30 or 90 mg/kg of β-carotene from day 90 of gestation until parturition. Dietary supplementation of 30 or 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the number of live birth to 11.82 ± 1.54 and 12.29 ± 2.09, respectively, while the control group was 11.00 ± 1.41 (P = 0.201). Moreover, β-carotene increased significantly the serum nitric oxide (NO) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P < 0.05). Characterization of fecal microbiota revealed that 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the diversity of the gut flora (P < 0.05). In particular, β-carotene decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes including Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-008, but enriched Proteobacteria including Bilophila and Sutterella, and Actinobacteria including Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium 1 which are related to NO synthesis. These data demonstrated that dietary supplementation of β-carotene may increase antioxidant enzyme activity and NO, an important vasodilator to promote the neonatal blood circulation, through regulating gut microbiota in sows.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles Associated with High-Fat Diet in Mice

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwon Jo ◽  
Seung-Ho Seo ◽  
Seong-Eun Park ◽  
Hyun-Woo Kim ◽  
Eun-Ju Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Obesity can be caused by microbes producing metabolites; it is thus important to determine the correlation between gut microbes and metabolites. This study aimed to identify gut microbiota-metabolomic signatures that change with a high-fat diet and understand the underlying mechanisms. To investigate the profiles of the gut microbiota and metabolites that changed after a 60% fat diet for 8 weeks, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analyses were performed. Mice belonging to the HFD group showed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes but an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes compared to the control group. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, such as Lactococcus, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium, Harryflintia, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, and Erysipelatoclostridium, was significantly higher in the HFD group than in the control group. The increased relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HFD group was positively correlated with fecal ribose, hypoxanthine, fructose, glycolic acid, ornithine, serum inositol, tyrosine, and glycine. Metabolic pathways affected by a high fat diet on serum were involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and trypto-phan biosynthesis. This study provides insight into the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolites altered by HFD and may help to understand the mechanisms underlying obesity mediated by gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Analyses Reveal That Aging-related Alterations in the Intestinal Environment Lead to Gut Dysbiosis With the Potential to Induce Obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Nakanishi ◽  
Ryouko Nozu ◽  
Masami Ueno ◽  
Kyoji Hioki ◽  
Chiharu Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Intestinal Environment ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Abstract Background: Aging is a progressive decline of cellular functions that ultimately affects whole-body homeostasis. Alterations in the gut microbiota associated with aging have been reported, however the molecular basis of the relationships between host aging and the gut microbiota is poorly understood.Result: By using longitudinal microbiome and metabolome characterization, we show that the aging-related alterations in the intestinal environment lead to gut dysbiosis with a potential to induce obesity in mice. In middle-age mice, we observed more than a 2-fold increase in fecal carbohydrates derived from dietary polysaccharides and a significant reduction of gut microbial diversity resembling the microbiota characteristic of obese mice. Consistently, fecal microbiota transplantation from middle-age specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice into young germ-free (GF) mice resulted in increased weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance.Conclusion: Our findings provide new insights into the relationships between host aging and gut dysbiosis and may contribute to the development of a possible solution to aging-related obesity.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Schepici ◽  
Serena Silvestro ◽  
Placido Bramanti ◽  
Emanuela Mazzon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
System A ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Review Reports

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. A recent study showed that interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of MS. This review reports the clinical studies carried out in recent years that aimed to evaluate the composition of the microbiota in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS). We also report what is available in the literature regarding the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation and the role of the diet in restoring the intestinal bacterial population. Studies report that patients with RR-MS have a microbiota that, compared with healthy controls, has higher amounts of Pedobacteria, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Mycoplana, Acinetobacter, Eggerthella, Dorea, Blautia, Streptococcus and Akkermansia. In contrast, MS patients have a microbiota with impoverished microbial populations of Prevotella, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Haemophilus, Sutterella, Adlercreutzia, Coprobacillus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Anaerostipes and Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, the restoration of the microbial population in patients with RR-MS appears to reduce inflammatory events and the reactivation of the immune system.

Reduction of angiotensin II in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kawajiri ◽  
M Mogi ◽  
M Osoegawa ◽  
T Matsuoka ◽  
K Tsukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Inflammatory Neuropathies ◽  
And Control

We previously demonstrated that angiotensin II acts as a crucial neuroprotective factor after neural injury through angiotensin II type-2 (AT2) receptor signaling. Although the pathway is known to play an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) angiotensin II levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have never been studied. To clarify the significance of angiotensin II in MS, we assayed angiotensin II concentrations using an established enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay in CSF samples from patients with MS ( n = 21), patients with inflammatory neuropathies (IN) ( n = 23) and control individuals who did not have either of the neurological diseases or any other disease that might affect the angiotensin II levels in the CSF (control) ( n = 24). Angiotensin II levels in the CSF were 3.79 ± 1.54 pg/ml in the MS group, 5.13 ± 2.27 pg/ml in the IN group and 6.71 ± 2.65 pg/ml in the control group. The angiotensin II levels in the CSF of the MS group were significantly lower than in the control group ( p = 0.00057). Angiotensin II concentration in the CSF tended to have a negative correlation with the Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale scores during MS relapse ( p = 0.0847). These findings suggest that reduced levels of intrathecal angiotensin II may be related to the abnormal neural damage and repair processes in MS.

scholarly journals Environmental Influences on the Human Gut Microbiota: A Longitudinal Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1151-1151
Author(s):  
Marina Brown ◽  
Ginger Reeser ◽  
Leila Shinn ◽  
Matthew Browning ◽  
Andiara Schwingel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Soil Dna

Abstract Objectives Urbanization has reduced environmental microorganism exposure, with most Americans spending over 90% of their time indoors. However, gardening remains a viable means of exposure to soil microorganisms and harvesting of edible produce. Accordingly, we aimed to determine relations between gardening, dietary habits, and gut microbiota. Methods Gardening families (N = 10) and non-gardening (control) families (N = 9) were enrolled in a longitudinal pilot trial. Families included two adults and a child (5–18 years) for a total sample size of 54 participants. Fecal samples were collected prior to and at the end of the gardening season. Garden soil samples (n = 9) were collected prior to and at the end of the season. Diet history questionnaires were collected at the beginning and end of the study to measure Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores. Fecal and soil DNA were extracted, sequenced (V4 region of 16S rDNA gene), and analyzed using DADA2 and QIIME2. Alpha diversity measures were assessed, including Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD) and observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Results Gardening families had significantly more fecal OTUs compared to control families (172.3 ± 44.2 vs. 157.0 ± 44.2, respectively; P = 0.03). Gardening families had greater (P = 0.02) Faith's PD scores and tended (P = 0.08) to have more fecal OTUs than the control group at peak gardening season. In the gardening families, fecal OTUs and Faith's PD were numerically but not statistically greater at the end of the season compared to baseline (all p’s > 0.05). Prior to the gardening season, gardening adults had greater HEI scores compared to control families (57 ± 9.1 vs. 49 ± 8.8, P = 0.03). HEI scores were not different between groups at the end of the study. Conclusions This study revealed that the fecal microbiota of families that garden differs from non-gardening families, and there are detectable changes in the fecal microbial community of gardeners and their family members over the course of the gardening season. Further research is needed to understand the role of diet in these changes and if microbes within the soil move between the soil and gastrointestinal environments. Funding Sources This research was funded by the Christopher Family Foundation Food and Family Grant Program.

scholarly journals Colonization of Supplemented Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in Low Birth Weight Infants and Its Effects on Their Gut Microbiota Weeks Post-administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Horigome ◽  
Ken Hisata ◽  
Toshitaka Odamaki ◽  
Noriyuki Iwabuchi ◽  
Jin-zhong Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve

The colonization and persistence of probiotics introduced into the adult human gut appears to be limited. It is uncertain, however, whether probiotics can successfully colonize the intestinal tracts of full-term and premature infants. In this study, we investigated the colonization and the effect of oral supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V on the gut microbiota of low birth weight (LBW) infants. A total of 22 LBW infants (12 infants in the M-16V group and 10 infants in the control group) were enrolled. B. breve M-16V was administrated to LBW infants in the M-16V group from birth until hospital discharge. Fecal samples were collected from each subject at weeks (3.7–9.3 weeks in the M-16V group and 2.1–6.1 weeks in the control group) after discharge. qPCR analysis showed that the administrated strain was detected in 83.3% of fecal samples in the M-16V group (at log10 8.33 ± 0.99 cell numbers per gram of wet feces), suggesting that this strain colonized most of the infants beyond several weeks post-administration. Fecal microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.01), whereas that of Proteobacteria was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the M-16V group as compared with the control group. Notably, the levels of the administrated strain and indigenous Bifidobacterium bacteria were both significantly higher in the M-16V group than in the control group. Our findings suggest that oral administration of B. breve M-16V led to engraftment for at least several weeks post-administration and we observed a potential overall improvement in microbiota formation in the LBW infants’ guts.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 108 patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Möhn ◽  
Luo Yi ◽  
Thomas Skripuletz ◽  
Philipp Schwenkenbecher ◽  
Anne Ladwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by an opportunistic infection with JC polyoma virus (JCPyV) and mainly affects immunocompromised patients. It leads to pronounced demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in severe disability or even death. Detection of JCPyV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is usually accepted as proof for the diagnosis of PML. Routine CSF parameters, like CSF cell count, protein concentration, Qalbumin, or intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis are mostly considered normal. However, this has not been investigated systematically. Methods: We analyzed routine CSF parameters in a cohort of 108 PML patients that were treated at four different neurological centers in Germany. The patients exhibited different underlying conditions with natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (n=54) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection (n=25) being the most frequent. The data were collected at the respective centers in accordance with local requirements and then jointly analyzed. The total PML cohort was compared with a control group of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Multiple sclerosis and HIV patients were additionally compared with their own non-PML control groups. Results: The PML group showed an elevated cell count (p<0.001) compared to the control group, however, this effect was mainly driven by HIV-PML patients. This subgroup also demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of patients with a disturbed blood-CSF-barrier function. Conclusions: This comprehensive, retrospective study on CSF diagnostic analysis in PML patients provides insight into the CSF of those patients. It demonstrates that CSF composition in PML patients may be specific for the underlying condition that predisposes for the development of PML and thus data have to be interpreted in this context.

scholarly journals Perturbed Microbiota/Immune Homeostasis in Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e997
Author(s):  
Delphine Sterlin ◽  
Martin Larsen ◽  
Jehane Fadlallah ◽  
Christophe Parizot ◽  
Marina Vignes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Autologous Serum ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Rrna Sequencing

ObjectiveBased on animal models and human studies, there is now strong suspicion that host/microbiota mutualism in the context of gut microbial dysbiosis could influence immunity and multiple sclerosis (MS) evolution. Our goal was to seek evidence of deregulated microbiota-induced systemic immune responses in patients with MS.MethodsWe investigated gut and systemic commensal-specific antibody responses in healthy controls (n = 32), patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 30), and individuals with clinically isolated syndromes (CISs) (n = 15). Gut microbiota composition and diversity were compared between controls and patients by analysis of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing. Autologous microbiota and cultivable bacterial strains were used in bacterial flow cytometry assays to quantify autologous serum IgG and secretory IgA responses to microbiota. IgG-bound bacteria were sorted by flow cytometry and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultsWe show that commensal-specific gut IgA responses are drastically reduced in patients with severe MS, disease severity being correlated with the IgA-coated fecal microbiota fraction (r = −0.647, p < 0.0001). At the same time, IgA-unbound bacteria elicit qualitatively broad and quantitatively increased serum IgG responses in patients with MS and CIS compared with controls (4.1% and 2.5% vs 1.9%, respectively, p < 0.001).ConclusionsGut and systemic microbiota/immune homeostasis are perturbed in MS. Our results argue that defective IgA responses in MS are linked to a breakdown of systemic tolerance to gut microbiota leading to an enhanced triggering of systemic IgG immunity against gut commensals occurring early in MS.

scholarly journals Effect of a Nutritional Intervention on the Intestinal Microbiota of Vertically HIV-Infected Children: The Pediabiota Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2112
Author(s):  
Talía Sainz ◽  
María José Gosalbes ◽  
Alba Talavera ◽  
Nuria Jimenez-Hernandez ◽  
Luis Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis

Aims: The gut microbiota exerts a critical influence in the immune system. The gut microbiota of human virus immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected children remains barely explored. We aimed to characterize the fecal microbiota in vertically HIV-infected children and to explore the effects of its modulation with a symbiotic nutritional intervention. Methods: a pilot, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study including HIV-infected children who were randomized to receive a nutritional supplementation including prebiotics and probiotics or placebo for four weeks. HIV-uninfected siblings were recruited as controls. The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced in fecal samples. Results: 22 HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and with viral load (VL) <50/mL completed the follow-up period. Mean age was 11.4 ± 3.4 years, eight (32%) were male. Their microbiota showed reduced alpha diversity compared to controls and distinct beta diversity at the genus level (Adonis p = 0.042). Patients showed decreased abundance of commensals Faecalibacterium and an increase in Prevotella, Akkermansia and Escherichia. The nutritional intervention shaped the microbiota towards the control group, without a clear directionality. Conclusions: Vertical HIV infection is characterized by changes in gut microbiota structure, distinct at the compositional level from the findings reported in adults. A short nutritional intervention attenuated bacterial dysbiosis, without clear changes at the community level. Summary: In a group of 24 vertically HIV-infected children, in comparison to 11 uninfected controls, intestinal dysbiosis was observed despite effective ART. Although not fully effective to restore the microbiota, a short intervention with pre/probiotics attenuated bacterial dysbiosis.

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