The effect on pricing strategies in the process of strategic decision making in view of cost of produced goods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1705-1727
Author(s):  
Syed Mohammad Faisal ◽  
Ahmad Khalid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
The Cost

This research examined the effect of the cost of produced goods on pricing strategies in the process of strategic decision. Also examined in this research is the extended effect of pricing strategies on consumers purchase decision making. The research aimed to answer questions on the extent to which cost of produced goods affects pricing strategies of products, how decision makers realize the value-based pricing strategy of corporations and the extent to which pricing policy help consumers to make purchase decisions. This research being historical and descriptive depended basically on secondary sources of information. The research used a historical and descriptive method and depended basically and simply on secondary devices as sources of data. Results from the data acquired reference that customers have an understanding of fair value reflected in prices of the firm's products. The researcher will use both analytical and descriptive methods which appropriate the context of the current research which is generally based on the theoretical underpinnings and fieldwork. The outcomes indicate that the cost of produced products used in organizations provides quality information; there is an effect of this information on the pricing decision-making; there are parts in which pricing strategy much relied on the information provided by the cost systems.

Evolutionary strategies of consumer federation and manufacturer under recall mechanism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Chuanxu Wang ◽  
Changqun Song ◽  
Lang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Evolutionary Strategies ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Penalty Coefficient ◽  
High Penalty ◽  
The Cost

Based on an unqualified product recalling process in a supply chain, this paper establishes an evolutionary game model between consumer federation and manufacturer, as well as analyzes the effects of manufacturer’s pricing strategy and consumer federation’s supervision on the decision-making and dynamic tendency. Under this structure, the manufacturers’ pricing strategies on recalls mechanism have two scenarios: the high penalty and low penalty from consumer federation. Results shows that, when the consumer federation adopts high penalty measures, there will be an ESS for consumer federation that can both minimize the cost and protect consumers’ rights. Further, the probability of manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy is positively correlated with the change in the product price, and both the probability of consumer federation adopting “regulate” strategy and manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy are positively correlated with the penalty coefficient.

scholarly journals Financing and pricing strategies of construction supply chain under capital constraint

2021 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 09004
Author(s):  
Yuxin Wen ◽  
Linyi Wu ◽  
Fengmin Yao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
Decentralized Decision Making ◽  
Internal Financing ◽  
Decision Making Model

Affected by factors such as cost, the financial constraints faced by the supply chain are becoming more and more severe. This paper constructs a financing and pricing decision-making model for the construction supply chain under capital constraints, and uses Stackelberg game theory to analyze and obtain the best financing and pricing strategy for the construction supply chain under the internal and external financing modes. The study found that when centralized decision-making is adopted, there is a profit distribution model that makes the profits obtained by construction developers and contractors greater than the profits obtained in decentralized decision-making; the internal financing model of the construction supply chain is better than external financing, and can enable the construction supply chain get higher profits.

scholarly journals Pricing Strategies – Comparative Analysis of Non-Exporting Enterprises and of Intense Exporters Based on the Example of Polish SMEs

2021 ◽  
Vol 1/2021 (34) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Adam Oleksiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Total Sales

The research aim of the paper is to verify the differences with regard to the pricing strategies being implemented among non-exporting enterprises and intense exporters based on the example of Polish SMEs. The study presented was conducted between May – June 2019 on a representative sample of Polish SMEs created after 2004: non-exporters and exp orters with a min. 25% share of exports in the total sales. The research method applied is computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI) and computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). The total count of the sample is 240 businesses, randomly selected from a database which contains 2969 Polish companies. The study emphasizes that between exporting companies and non-exporting companies, there are differences in the pricing strategy application. Exporting enterprises more frequently have a differentiated pricing policy. No significant connection between the pricing strategy and the quality strategy was observed, both among non-exporting enterprises and intense exporters.

scholarly journals RECENT TRENDS IN THE DEBATE ON INDIA’S NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT (NFSA) – 2013: TRAGEDY OR TRIUMPH?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Shakeel
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Public Distribution System ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Food Security

Present article follow up the recent debates that is being discussed in the country with respect to the National Food Security Act – 2013. Present article is based on the secondary sources of information collected through various books, magazines, journals, newspapers, government and non-governmental reports. The purpose of the article is to trace the discussion among various economist, planners, researchers and policy makers in order to analyse whether National food Security Act is a triumph for those who are in desperate need of it (poor and destitute), or a tragedy for those officials speaking against the Act. The main emphasis of the article is to discuss the cost of implementation of NFSA because it was believed that after its implementation it will put heavy burden on the government exchequer due to subsidies provided under it.  Article also examines the challenges related to Food Corporation of India with respect to procurement, storage and distribution of foodgrains. Moreover, article also discusses the NFSA with respect to the Integrated Child Development Scheme, its affect on small and marginal farmers of the country, challenges related to public distribution system.

Strategic Decision-Making in Japanese Trading Companies: Case Studies of Information Search Activities

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Research Task

ABSTRACTThe paper describes an investigation into the information search activities of senior Japanese executives involved in strategic decision-making in Japanese trading companies. The research task was conducted over a twelve-month period between 2000-2001, at five well-known Japanese kaisha (see Appendix 1 for a list of Japanese expressions used in this paper) headquartered in Tokyo. This paper identifies sources of information that are dev-eloped and used by executive decision-makers in evaluating strategic alternatives. As well modes of access to the identified sources are highlighted and analysed.Results from the study indicate the prominence of distinctive Japanese managerial practices such as nemawashi and settai, in developing information sources. As well it was found that these practices strongly influence how information sources are accessed. Executive decision-makers from the Presidential level to Divisional Manager level who participated in this study were emphatic in their belief that strategic decision-making in most situations is reliant upon the network of information sources cultivated by decision-makers as well as their skill in accessing the various sources.

Pricing biologics: Issues, strategic priorities and a conceptual model

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay K Rao
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Distribution ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Finite Time Horizon ◽  
Key Aspects

The advent of complex and often expensive biologics raises critical commercial challenges – the most important of which pertains to developing a viable pricing, distribution and reimbursement model that is intrinsically geared to the special characteristics of biologic products and the expectations of a diverse customer population. Idiosyncratic differences in health-care systems, their philosophical motivations and preferred methods of controlling access to expensive biologic treatments pose additional challenges. This article discusses key issues about pricing biologics from the primary viewpoint of biologic manufacturers and marketers, focusing on the inseparable relationship between price, distribution, access and reimbursement. Specific priorities are explicated for streamlining biologic pricing and access strategies to meet upcoming challenges. A conceptual model for developing viable biologic pricing strategy is presented. Insights from the author's work implementing key aspects of the model in the real world are discussed. The article concludes by presenting an overview of a pricing decision support system that has proven invaluable in formulating and managing biologic pricing strategies over a finite time horizon.

scholarly journals Optimal Internet of Things Technology Adoption Decisions and Pricing Strategies for High-Traceability Logistics Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10597
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Nan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Equipment Operation ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology-based tracking system can reduce freight loss/damage during delivery, thereby avoiding wasting social resources. In this study, we address the issue of whether an E-retailer with a logistics arm should provide high-traceability logistics value-added service (based on IoT technology) in two customer segments and analyze their pricing decision. We found that companies always adopt IoT when equipment operation cost is low and not when the cost is high. Otherwise, the optimal IoT adoption strategy for a company depends on multiple factors, for example, the internal operation efficiency of a company. Providing high-traceability service as one kind of public service does not necessarily optimize social welfare even if the overall delivery failure is reduced. The customers’ preference for traceability significantly affects the company’s decision. Hence, we suggest that the company should implement a comprehensive investigation before launching a specific strategy.

scholarly journals Strategic decision-making by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus) and children in a Snowdrift-Game task

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Sanchez-Amaro ◽  
Shona Duguid ◽  
Josep Call ◽  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Coordination Failure ◽  
Snowdrift Game ◽  
Resource Distributions ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
The Cost

Chimpanzees must be able to coordinate with others even when conflicts of interest are present. The “Snowdrift-Game” provides a model to understand how organisms coordinate and make decisions under conflict situations. By investigating whether and how chimpanzees solve this dilemma we can gain insight into the mechanisms of cooperation. Moreover, by comparing chimpanzees with their closest relatives, bonobos and humans, we can understand the evolutionary context of decision making in this situation. We presented pairs of captive chimpanzees (N=10; Mage= 20.5 years) and bonobos (N=6, Mage=13.7 years) housed at the Leipzig Zoo in Germany as well as 20 children dyads from the same city, with an adapted version of the Snowdrift games. In our task, subjects were faced with an unequal reward distribution. In the critical condition the higher reward was acquired by letting a partner act, with the risk that if neither partner acted the rewards would be lost after a period of thirty seconds. Both chimpanzees and children were highly successful at coordinating their actions to solve the dilemma (bonobo data is currently under collection). They almost never lost the rewards because at least one partner was willing to pay the cost of getting the decreased reward, to avoid coordination failure (no reward). Both species behaved strategically as they waited longer for their partner to act when this would lead to a higher reward. However, evidence from their resource distributions, their action latencies and their communicative acts suggests that children behaved more strategic than chimpanzees. Our results demonstrate that both species can successfully coordinate their actions in conflict situations although they differ in the way they achieve coordination.

Strategic Decision-Making in Japanese Trading Companies: Case Studies of Information Search Activities

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Research Task

ABSTRACTThe paper describes an investigation into the information search activities of senior Japanese executives involved in strategic decision-making in Japanese trading companies. The research task was conducted over a twelve-month period between 2000-2001, at five well-known Japanese kaisha (see Appendix 1 for a list of Japanese expressions used in this paper) headquartered in Tokyo. This paper identifies sources of information that are dev-eloped and used by executive decision-makers in evaluating strategic alternatives. As well modes of access to the identified sources are highlighted and analysed.Results from the study indicate the prominence of distinctive Japanese managerial practices such as nemawashi and settai, in developing information sources. As well it was found that these practices strongly influence how information sources are accessed. Executive decision-makers from the Presidential level to Divisional Manager level who participated in this study were emphatic in their belief that strategic decision-making in most situations is reliant upon the network of information sources cultivated by decision-makers as well as their skill in accessing the various sources.

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