scholarly journals Ballast water management: technology choice comparing TODIM and THOR 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2140-2160
Author(s):  
Carlos Francisco Simões Gomes ◽  
Luiz Flavio Autran Monteiro Gomes ◽  
Luís Alberto Duncan Rangel ◽  
Fabrício Maione Tenório ◽  
Marcos dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Technology Choice ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Management Method ◽  
Ballast Water Management

This paper approaches the problem of ballast water treatment in ships. This has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. Solutions that have been considered for solving the problem are alternative water treatment technologies. In the case study reported in this paper three major water treatment technologies have been evaluated with the help of twenty-six criteria, quantitative as well as qualitative by using two discrete multicriteria methods, TODIM and THOR 2. The THOR 2 consists of the axiomatic evolution of the THOR method and both THOR 2 and THOR are made available through the THOR Web platform. Five groups of evaluation criteria are then considered: practicality; biological effectiveness; cost/benefit ratio; time frame for the implementation of standards; and environmental impact of the process' sub-products. In this paper a case study on choosing a ballast water treatment technology is presented. Three alternative ballast water management technologies are proposed by experts in the field and are evaluated with the help of twenty-six criteria, quantitative as well as qualitative. Each ballast water management method is described by a list of twenty-six attributes or criteria. After setting the problem in a clear way and consulting different experts, the two separate applications of both TODIM and THOR 2 are performed. What is denoted as Management Method #1 is indeed chosen as the best alternative according to both methods. The conclusion is that those two methods, although conceptually and analytically quite different, lead essentially to the same main results.  Two other applications of both TODIM and THOR have indeed confirmed the convergence of results in spite of the conceptual and technical differences between the two methods. This suggests that formulating a decision problem in a correct, clear-cut way can be at least as important as the technical characteristics of the method per se.

scholarly journals ATP assay for rapid onboard testing to detect living microorganisms in Ballast Water

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungshic Yum ◽  
Bong Gil Hyun ◽  
Kitae Rhie ◽  
Kyoungsoon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Atp Assay ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Rapid and simple analytical methods for viable microorganism detection in ballast water are required to evaluate the efficiency of ballast water treatment system. During the course of systematic investigation of the cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays, it was found that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and luminescence based cell viability assay, in other word, an ATP assay was the most sensitive and applicable to ballast water management (BWM). The assay was applied to cultured microalgae samples, and it could detect the existence of 5 viable cells in 100 μl. Comparably low luminescent values were detected in two cultured diatom species than in cultured dinoflagellates. This result might be caused by the small cell volume in diatom species. Following a regression model between ATP concentration and cell volume, an ATP guideline (876 – 109246 relative luminescence units: RLU) was developed for the evaluation of treated ballast water. ATP assay was also applied to the evaluation of ballast water treatment system (BWTS). The luminescence value which obtained from the ATP assay also showed a good correlation with the presence of living natural plankton cells with comparably low luminescence values than the cultured species. The low ATP concentration in natural plankton cells may reflect a decline in their biological activity because of extended exposure to dark conditions. ATP assay could be a suitable method for the monitoring of ballast water management compliance even though the results of this study need further validation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of approaches to quantify total residual oxidants in ballast water management systems employing chlorine for disinfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1585-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amity G. Zimmer-Faust ◽  
Richard F. Ambrose ◽  
Mario N. Tamburri
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Amperometric Sensors ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Intermittent Sampling ◽  
Ballast Water Management

With the maturation and certification of several ballast water management systems that employ chlorine as biocide to prevent the spread of invasive species, there is a clear need for accurate and reliable total residual oxidants (TRO) technology to monitor treatment dose and assure the environmental safety of treated water discharged from ships. In this study, instruments used to measure TRO in wastewater and drinking water applications were evaluated for their performance in scenarios mimicking a ballast water treatment application (e.g., diverse hold times, temperatures, and salinities). Parameters chosen for testing these technologies in the past do not reflect conditions expected during ballast water treatment. Salinity, temperature, and oxidant concentration all influenced the response of amperometric sensors. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors performed more consistently than amperometric sensors under different conditions but it may be difficult to correlate ORP and TRO measurements for the multitude of biogeochemical conditions found naturally in ballast water. N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) analyzers and amperometric sensors were also tested under intermittent sampling conditions mimicking a ballasting scenario, with cyclical dosage and discharge operations. When sampling was intermittent, amperometric sensors required excessive response and conditioning times, whereas DPD analyzers provided reasonable estimates of TRO under the ballasting scenario.

Testing and Approval of Ballast Water Treatment Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jad Mouawad
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment Systems ◽  
Ballast Water Management

The Ballast Water Management Convention was adopted in 2004 and Guidelines G8 for type approval of ballast water treatment systems were adopted in 2008. Since then, treatment systems have developed and testing procedures and capabilities have improved significantly. In June 2012, the USCG final rules for the discharge standard of living organisms in ships’ ballast water entered into force. This final ruling includes prescriptive requirements for type approval of treatment systems that differ in substance from the non-mandatory type approval guidelines established under the BWM Convention. This paper will explain the practical steps towards achieving a G8 type approval based on existing projects, and will address the possibility of combining type approvals following both Guidelines G8 and the USCG final rules. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: The run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Convention

Chemosphere ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 256-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Werschkun ◽  
Sangeeta Banerji ◽  
Oihane C. Basurko ◽  
Matej David ◽  
Frank Fuhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Ballast Water Management

scholarly journals Examining Flow Dynamics in Ballast Water Management Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Riggio
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Management System ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

With the recent ratification of the 2004 International Convention for the Control of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) (herewith “the Convention”), the need to install Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) onboard existing vessels is expected to grow to an $18 - $25B USD market in the coming few years. As BWMS are added to vessels, these systems will invariably affect the ballasting of ships systems and without a careful study of the dynamics of introducing both a fine mesh mechanical filter and a disinfection stage, the performance of a BWMS onboard a vessel may be compromised significantly. This paper will examine the hydrodynamic impacts of installing a ballast water management system both in the engine room and on deck, the flow dynamics required for proper operation of fine mesh, self-cleaning ballast water treatment filters, and the relative impacts to ballast flow and how these impacts may affect proper sizing of the ballast water management system. The paper will be based both on theoretical design and calculation as well as real-world experience stemming from nearly 400 installed Ultraviolet (UV)-based Ballast Water Treatment Systems (BWTS). The paper should have value for ship owners, designers, installers, and BWTS manufacturers, each of whom may have experienced variable system performance.

A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process–weighted linear combination decision-making model for prioritization of ballast water treatment technologies by ship owners in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 1276-1286
Author(s):  
Isaac Animah
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Weighted Linear Combination ◽  
Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Giving the ratification of the ballast water management convention, a number of ballast water treatment technologies are emerging in the maritime industry; however, choosing the most appropriate technology has been a big challenge for ship owners because it is a very complex and critical task. The aim of this article is to propose a multi-attribute decision analysis model which integrates the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and the weighted linear combination method into a more comprehensive approach to select the most appropriate ballast water treatment technology for ship owners. The proposed model consists of 6 attributes (i.e. technological readiness, commercial readiness, operational readiness, seafarer’s skills readiness, biological efficacy readiness and cost of ballast water treatment technologies) and 17 ballast water treatment technologies among which ship owners can choose the best. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is used to obtain more realistic weights of the attributes, while the weighted linear combination is applied to prioritize the technologies. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, it is applied to select the best ballast water treatment technology for a ship owner in Ghana. The result shows that the ballast water treatment technology which uses membrane filter is selected as the best. Sensitivity analysis is then carried out to determine the effect of changing attributes’ weights on the final priority rankings of the ballast water treatment technologies. Finally, the model is validated by comparing the obtained results to those from the PROMETHEE model and both results are consistent.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Barge-Based Ballast Water Treatment System for Multi-Terminal Ports

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
Lovro Maglić ◽  
Damir Zec ◽  
Vlado Frančić
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water Management

The paper presents outcomes of the discrete event simulation of the ballast water management in a multi-terminal port. The simulation includes ship’s manoeuvring, cargo and ballast operations and a barge-based ballast water treatment system operating within all terminal areas. The barge-based ballast water treatment system is used by ships unable to use their own equipment, not equipped with an appropriate ballast treatment system or non-compliant with the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention 2004 for whatever reason. The main goal is to estimate the productivity and cost effectiveness of such systems as an option to support ships not able to comply with the BWM Convention, once it enters into force. The model was built and tested in Arena simulation software. Process parameters are based on real traffic data for the port of Rijeka. The results indicate that barge-based ballast treatment facility will be heavily underutilized, and that such systems are cost-effective only in ports where large volumes of ballast water need to be delivered to shore treatment systems.

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