scholarly journals Original Article. Effects of loose kernel smut caused by Sporisorium cruentum onrhizomes of Sorghum halepense

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Monica Astiz Gassó ◽  
Marcelo Lovisolo ◽  
Analia Perelló
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Structural Morphology ◽  
Johnson Grass ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

Abstract The effect of loose kernel smut fungus Sporisorium cruentum on Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) was investigated in vitro and in greenhouse experiments. Smut infection induced a decrease in the dry matter of rhizomes and aerial vegetative parts of the plants evaluated. Moreover, the diseased plants showed a lower height than controls. The infection resulted in multiple smutted buds that caused small panicles infected with the fungus. In addition, changes were observed in the structural morphology of the host. Leaf tissue sections showed hyphae degrading chloroplasts and vascular bundles colonized by the fungus. Subsequently, cells collapsed and widespread necrosis was observed as a symptom of the disease. The pathogen did not colonize the gynoecium of Sorghum plants until the tassel was fully developed. The sporulation process of the fungus led to a total disintegration of anthers and tissues. When panicles were inspected before emergence, fungal hyphae were observed on floral primord. Histological sections of panicles showed fungal hyphae located in the parenchyma tissue and the nodal area. Infection occurred in the floral primordium before the tassel had fully developed and emerged from the flag leaf. Grains were replaced by sori surrounded by a thin membrane that usually was broken before or after the emergence of the panicle. The results, together with the significant decrease of the dry matter of rhizomes and seeds of S. halepense, suggest that S. cruentum could be considered as a potential biocontrol agent in the integrated management of this weed.

Effects of water stress on in vitro dry matter digestibility and chemical composition of herbage of tropical pasture species

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Dead Leaf ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Treatment Water

The effects of water stress of varying duration and intensity (Dry treatment) on the in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) of different plant fractions of three tropical grasses (green panic, buffel and spear grass) and a tropical legume (Siratro) grown in plots under semi-arid field conditions is reported. Other plots of these species were irrigated regularly for comparison (Wet treatment). Generally, the DMD of herbage from water-stressed grasses was either similar to or higher than that from plants of the Wet treatment. Where DMD of leaves was higher for the Dry treatment this was usually due to a slower decline in their DMD as they aged. Most comparisons of dead leaf tissue indicated a higher DMD for the Dry than the Wet treatment. The most recently expanded leaves usually did not differ in DMD between Wet and Dry treatment. Water stress slowed stem development in the grasses and, particularly in early spring when this effect was most evident, the DMD of stem was higher in the Dry than the Wet treatment. Water stress applied to buffel grass stems after they had elongated and started flowering did not affect their DMD compared with the Wet treatment. Cell wall and lignin content of herbage from the Dry treatment was similar to or lower than that from the Wet treatment. In contrast to the grasses, the stress-adapted small leaves of Siratro, which developed after some time under water stress conditions, were lower in DMD than the recently expanded Wet leaves; their lignin and cellulose contents were higher but hemicellulose markedly lower than those of Wet leaves.

Dry matter digestibility in vitro of leaf and stem of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and related species and its relation to plant morphology and anatomy

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
KL Anderson ◽  
JB Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Weight

Twenty-one genotypes of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), and six other genotypes, viz. C. setigerus, C. Pennisetiforrnis and C. ciliaris x C. setigerus hybrids, were examined for dry matter digestibility in vitro (DMD) of recently expanded leaf and stem at anthesis. Differences in DMD were related to morphological and anatomical characteristics of the tissues.Leaf DMD ranged from 64.0 to 73.4%0 and stem DMD (internodes 2-4 from the top) from 47.4 to 61.7%; genotypes of high leaf DMD generally had high stem DMD (r= 0.68). Leaf DMD was negatively correlated with the proportion of thick-walled tissues in leaf cross-section (r= -0.76), leaf dry weight (r= 0.77 ) and specific leaf weight (r= -0.82). Stem DMD was inversely related to the proportion of lignified tissue in stem cross-section (r= -0.55), height of flowering stem (r= -0.51) and total number of vascular bundles in the stem section (r= -0.55). Genotypes with a high DMD tended to have lax leaves and small vegetative tillers.The main commercial cultivars of buffel, viz. American, Biloela and Gayndah, were 4-6% units (leaf) and 2.5-7% units (stem) lower in DMD than the best genotype, indicating potential for improvement of digestibility. Specific leaf weight and numbers of vascular bundles in stem cross-section, which arc easily and quickly measured and have a heritability comparable to that for DMD, could be useful criteria for preliminary assessment of a large breeding population.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro herbicidal activity of five essential oils on Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense [L.] Pers.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Matković ◽  
Tatjana Marković ◽  
Sava Vrbničanin ◽  
Marija Sarić-Krsmanović ◽  
Dragana Božić
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Johnson Grass

scholarly journals In planta Genome Editing in Commercial Wheat Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuelin Liu ◽  
Weifeng Luo ◽  
Qianyan Linghu ◽  
Fumitaka Abe ◽  
Hiroshi Hisano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
Time Required

Limitations for the application of genome editing technologies on elite wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) varieties are mainly due to the dependency onin vitroculture and regeneration capabilities. Recently, we developed anin plantaparticle bombardment (iPB) method which has increased process efficiency since no culture steps are required to create stably genome-edited wheat plants. Here, we report the application of the iPB method to commercially relevant Japanese elite wheat varieties. The biolistic delivery of gold particles coated with plasmids expressing CRISPR/Cas9 components designed to targetTaQsd1were bombarded into the embryos of imbibed seeds with their shoot apical meristem (SAM) exposed. Mutations in the target gene were subsequently analyzed within flag leaf tissue by using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis. A total of 9/358 (2.51%) of the bombarded plants (cv. “Haruyokoi,” spring type) carried mutant alleles in the tissue. Due to the chimeric nature of the T0 plants, only six of them were inherited to the next (T1) generation. Genotypic analysis of the T2 plants revealed a single triple-recessive homozygous mutant of theTaQsd1gene. Compared to wild type, the homozygous mutant exhibited a 7 days delay in the time required for 50% seed germination. The iPB method was also applied to two elite winter cultivars, “Yumechikara” and “Kitanokaori,” which resulted in successful genome editing at slightly lower efficiencies as compared to “Haruyokoi.” Taken together, this report demonstrates that thein plantagenome editing method through SAM bombardment can be applicable to elite wheat varieties that are otherwise reluctant to callus culture.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

Effects of Certain Inorganic Elements and Urea on in Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Milo Stalks

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry L. Bales ◽  
D. Wayne Kellogg ◽  
N. Scott Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Elements
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