scholarly journals The reliance on inclusive living thing in inductive inference among 5-year-olds: the role of access to nature and the size of receptive vocabulary

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tarłowski
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Inference ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract The present study employed a serial forced choice inductive inference paradigm to test whether rural and urban 5-year-olds varying in SES rely on the representation of living things in extending new knowledge. Sixty-five children learned that humans possess a novel internal property and, in a series of test trials, had to decide whether to attribute the property to an inanimate living thing or to an artifact. Additionally, the size of children’s receptive vocabulary was assessed. This study provides the first evidence that those 5-year-olds who have access to rich nature and who have acquired a high level of receptive vocabulary do rely on living kinds in induction in a forced choice task. The study further underscores the necessity to include children with diverse backgrounds in research on the development of biological knowledge. It also provides new evidence that general cognitive ability links to advances in children’s biological understanding.

Rehabilitation in Tehri Dam: An evaluation

Social Change ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 110-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Sinha ◽  
H. C. Pokhriyal
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Common Property Resources ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Tehri Dam ◽  
High Level ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ownership Rights

In the whole debate of ecological suitability of Tehri Dam, the rehabilitation aspect has been found ignored. Keeping in view of the significance of complete rehabilitation and resettlement of the oustees, the overall rehabilitation process including rural and urban population is analysed in the present paper. In total, 125 villages will be fully or partially submerged affecting more than one lakh population. More than twenty thousand urban populations will also be rehabilitated. It is expected that around 6000 cores of rupees (at 1993 price level) will be spent. Out of which 13% will be spent on the rehabilitation of the oustees. On the basis of the available information, it is found that only 33% of the rural families and 66% of the urban households have actually received the compensation or taken the possession of the land in the new sites. Non availability of land to the rest of the oustee households has been identified as the peculiar dimension of the rehabilitation process. The resettled households in Dehradun and Haridwar districts are facing the problem of geographic continuity, land owner shiprights and absence of institutional mechanism like panchayati raj institutions in the new settlements. The absence of non-farm employment and non-accessibility to the common property resources are the critical problems, including the availability of drinking water, irrigation, primary health and education, which can be observed seen in the rehabilitation sites. The resettlers are unable to adjust with the new environment including a high level of dependency on the market forces for each and every requirement. The partially submerged population is also facing peculiar problems. They will only be given cash compensation without any other compensatory measures. The ‘upstream cost and down stream benefits syndrome’ is strikingly visible in the rehabilitation process. In the urban resettlement process various issues Iike-the validity of survey, classification of urban households and cut off dates are relevant to mention. The positive externalities of the old Tehri town were completely missing in the new urban rehabilitation site. As a whole it can be tentatively said that the process of rehabilitation has been loosely coordinated and badly implemented. The issues of upstream cost, accessibility to common property resources and customary rights are the neglected aspects in the process. The re-organisation of the institutional frame work and granting land ownership rights to the resettlers and quality of the basic amenities are the other inevitable requirements need proper assessment and implementation. The present process of rehabilitation is largely non-participatory and non transparent, which can only be solved through radical measures. These measures are unlikely to be initiated in the present set of Tehri dam administration.

scholarly journals Disha: Building Bridges-Removing Barriers: Where Excluded and Privileged Young Adults Meet

2020 ◽  
pp. 351-357
Author(s):  
Sadhana Natu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
International Students ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Student Diversity ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
To Come

AbstractThe Chapter aims to detail out the need and process for setting up a Peer Support and Speak Out group in 1992 against the backdrop of early years of globalization in India. The chapter describes how the group has evolved, describing some of the activities and its outcomes. Case studies of Disha Coordinators (using narratives) place before the reader, both the challenges and vantage point views of student diversity. The coordinators are a mix from underprivileged and privileged backgrounds. In the last 27 years, Disha has managed to help students from diverse backgrounds (rural and urban poor, Dalit, Bahujan, urban upper middle class, international students) to come together and look at mental health issues from their varied locations of caste, class, gender, region and reconstitute their identities and look at life afresh. The chapter tries to document some of these rich insights and in doing so attempts to add to the value-based mental health practice from a small margin of the largest democracy in the world that is pushing and challenging the centre.

scholarly journals Microbial Eukaryotes: a Missing Link in Gut Microbiome Studies

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe ◽  
Marie-Claire Arrieta
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Eukaryotes ◽  
Host Health ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
New Evidence

ABSTRACTHuman-associated microbial communities include prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms across high-level clades of the tree of life. While advances in high-throughput sequencing technology allow for the study of diverse lineages, the vast majority of studies are limited to bacteria, and very little is known on how eukaryote microbes fit in the overall microbial ecology of the human gut. As recent studies consider eukaryotes in their surveys, it is becoming increasingly clear that eukaryotes play important ecological roles in the microbiome as well as in host health. In this perspective, we discuss new evidence on eukaryotes as fundamental species of the human gut and emphasize that future microbiome studies should characterize the multitrophic interactions between microeukaryotes, other microorganisms, and the host.

The Thesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-114
Author(s):  
Helmuth Plessner ◽  
J. M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things

This chapter presents the thesis that living things and nonliving things have distinct forms of phenomenological appearance, particularly regarding their boundaries: relations between inside and outside, core and property, body and surroundings. The distinction between “inner” core and “outer” properties characterizes both living and nonliving things, but living things exhibit a special relation between these aspects, such that the boundary between them is a property of the living thing itself. This position resolves a dispute between Hans Driesch and Wolfgang Köhler about the characteristic gestalt or form of living things in comparison with the nonliving. The properties that are taken to define living things have both empirical and a priori components and may be examined for both natural-scientific and explanatory and for phenomenological and philosophical purposes. The inquiry that will occupy the remainder of the book is an attempt to test and develop the thesis of the distinctive boundary structure of living things by deriving properties that are traditionally considered essential characteristics of life, such as metabolism, heredity, and aging—the “organic modals”—from the proposed boundary structure and linking the derived results to what is known about living things.

scholarly journals Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S58-S62
Author(s):  
Xinshen Diao ◽  
Josaphat Kweka ◽  
Margaret McMillan ◽  
Zara Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.

Healing Alex's Wound

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Szu-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Play Therapy ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Counseling Competencies ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Behavioral Issues ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
High Level

Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) has emphasized the need to consider multicultural and social justice factors into all aspects of the counseling profession. Consistent with the MSJCC guideline, it is essential that counselors provide developmentally and culturally responsive interventions when working with children from diverse backgrounds. Adlerian play therapy is a unique approach in which counselors incorporate basic tenets of individual psychology and premise of play therapy to help children work through different types of emotional or behavioral issues. This chapter provides an overview of the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on children's mental health, particularly the multitude of effects on Hispanic children. The author then illustrates the application of Adlerian play therapy from MSJCC's perspective to work with a Hispanic boy exposed to a high level of ACEs.

scholarly journals The Critical Role of Biliary Candidiasis in Development of Surgical Site Infections after Pancreatoduodenectomy: Results of Prospective Study Using a Selective Culture Medium for Candida Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kato ◽  
Yusuke Iizawa ◽  
Kei Nakamura ◽  
Kazuyuki Gyoten ◽  
Aoi Hayasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Evidence

In accordance with previous reports, the incidence of biliary candidiasis (BC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) was reported to be 0 to 5%, and the clinical significance of BC still has been elusive. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the precise incidence of BC after PD using the CHROMagar Candida plate in an attempt to elucidate whether BC has a significant impact on the clinical outcomes after PD.Patients and Method. From November 2014 to March 2016, the consecutive 51 patients who underwent PD were enrolled for this study. The bile juice was prospectively collected through the biliary stent tube on postoperative days (POD) 3, 7, and 14 and directly incubated onto the CHROMagar Candida plate for the cultivation of various Candida species. In the presence or absence of BC, we compared the incidence of SSIs.Results. The incidence of postoperative BC was 15% on POD 3, 24% on POD 7, and 39% on POD 14, respectively. Taken together, 22 patients out of 51 (43.1%) developed BC after PD. Moreover, the incidence of SSIs was significantly higher in patients with BC than in those without it (71% versus 7%, p=0.005). BC was selected as the only significant risk factor of SSIs after PD among the various risk factors. Even though a cause of BC is unknown, high level of alkaline phosphatase (cut-off line >300 IU/L) was selected as the only preoperative risk factor of the development of BC.Conclusion. We elucidated new evidence in which BC could be the independent cause of SSIs after PD and should not be recognized as just contamination artifacts. Preoperative assessment for identifying carriers of Candida species might be essential for reducing the incidence of SSIs after PD.

An Hcp100 gene fragment reveals Histoplasma capsulatum presence in lungs of Tadarida brasiliensis migratory bats

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (11) ◽  
pp. 1955-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
C. M. ALIOUAT-DENIS ◽  
L. E. CARRETO-BINAGHI ◽  
J. A. RAMÍREZ ◽  
G. RODRÍGUEZ-ARELLANES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Gene Fragment ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Evidence

SUMMARYHistoplasma capsulatum was sampled in lungs from 87 migratory Tadarida brasiliensis bats captured in Mexico (n=66) and Argentina (n=21). The fungus was screened by nested-PCR using a sensitive and specific Hcp100 gene fragment. This molecular marker was detected in 81·6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73·4–89·7] of all bats, representing 71 amplified bat lung DNA samples. Data showed a T. brasiliensis infection rate of 78·8% (95% CI 68·9–88·7) in bats captured in Mexico and of 90·4% (95% CI 75·2–100) in those captured in Argentina. Similarity with the H. capsulatum sequence of a reference strain (G-217B) was observed in 71 Hcp100 sequences, which supports the fungal findings. Based on the neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony Hcp100 sequence analyses, a high level of similarity was found in most Mexican and all Argentinean bat lung samples. Despite the fact that 81·6% of the infections were molecularly evidenced, only three H. capsulatum isolates were cultured from all samples tested, suggesting a low fungal burden in lung tissues that did not favour fungal isolation. This study also highlighted the importance of using different tools for the understanding of histoplasmosis epidemiology, since it supports the presence of H. capsulatum in T. brasiliensis migratory bats from Mexico and Argentina, thus contributing new evidence to the knowledge of the environmental distribution of this fungus in the Americas.

Address of the President Lord Adrian, O.M., at the Anniversary Meeting, 30 November 1955

1956 ◽  
Vol 144 (917) ◽  
pp. 431-440
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Inductive Inference ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Quantitative Biology ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Biological Insight ◽  
Mathematical Skill

The Copley Medal is awarded to Sir Ronald Fisher, F. R. S. The rise of quantitative biology, which has been so noteworthy a feature of this century and especially of the past thirty years or so, has been due above all to the work of R. A. Fisher. The variability of living things posed problems and raised difficulties in the interpretation of experimental and observational data which made necessary something beyond the methods of the physical sciences. They required in fact a new approach to inductive inference, and one which would provide means of drawing conclusions of assessable reliability from variable material often available only in small samples. It is to Fisher’s combination of mathematical skill and biological insight that we owe the developments, both theoretical and practical, which have done so much towards solving this problem and so making biologists of virtually every kind quantitative in their experiments, their analysis, and, most important of all, their thought. Faced with the agronomical problems of Rothamsted, whose staff he joined in 1919, Fisher began the remarkable series of statistical investigations which gave us the techniques described in Statistical methods , the tabular matter of Statistical tables (published with F. Yates) for facilitating their use, and the philosophy of Design of experiments by which they may be understood, appreciated and extended. The outcome has not merely stood the test of time in those branches of biology with which he was immediately concerned, but has had an ever-widening influence which now extends even beyond the borders of biology itself. And in building the new biometry, Fisher has given especially to the younger biologists a confidence and quantitative outlook whose full effects we have still to see.

scholarly journals DIVERSIFICATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 300-311
Author(s):  
Paweł Siemiński ◽  
Jakub Hadyński ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
High Level

The aim of this paper is to estimate, as well as analyse and assess spatial diversification in human capital resources in rural and urban areas of Poland. Studies have static nature and relate to the state of the situation in 2018 year. A synthetic index of human capital resources (IHCR) was applied, based on which a hierarchy was developed for rural and urban areas, depending on the administrative division into provinces determining the degree of their diversification in terms of their human capital resources. Human capital resources were analysed in four categories, i.e. in terms of employment, education, entrepreneurship and unemployment, using data from the Local Data Bank CSO database. Research results indicate considerable regional (spatial) diversification of rural and urban areas. We may distinguish two homogeneous classes, including urban areas with a high level of human capital development, as well as rural areas with their low level. Moreover, there is a heterogeneous group of the so-called medium level of human capital, composed of both urban and rural areas. Particularly, observed polarization in human capital resources may in the future reduce the absorption of development impulses within both national and EU development policies.

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