Membrane technologies for sports supplementation

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Staszak

Abstract The important developments in membrane techniques used in the dairy industrial processes to whey manufacturing are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the description of membrane processes, characterization of protein products, biological issues related to bacteriophages contamination, and modeling of the processes. This choice was dictated by the observed research works and consumer trends, who increasingly appreciate healthy food and its taste qualities.

Author(s):  
Diego Villa Valdivieso ◽  
Mabel Parada Rivera ◽  
Marlene García Veloz

The main objective of this work was to design the industrial process for the elaboration of quinoa extruded (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) of vanilla, chocolate and passion fruit flavors. The first step was the physical, bromatological and microbiological characterization of the raw material according to the ‘NTE INEN 1673 (2013): Quinoa Requirements’. Next, both the laboratory and industrial processes were performed, in which the unitary operations suitable for precise design were determined, including extrusion, evaporation, mixing and drying. Simultaneously, data of the necessary processes were taken (humidity, temperature and time) which facilitated all engineering calculations essential to generate a daily production using 17 kg of natural quinoa extrude to obtain 22,702 kg of vanilla, 23,491 kg of chocolate or 24,137 kg of passion fruit values that were determined by mass balances. With these processed samples, a sensory evaluation was conducted using a preference test in which the vanilla flavor obtained a 63.03% acceptability, followed by passion fruit with 20.72%, and finally chocolate with 16.22%. Once it was completed, the design was validated through the ‘NTE INEN 2570 (2011): grain, cereal and seed snacks. Requirements’, recording values within the limits recommended by the norm. Thus, the product is suitable for human consumption. Keywords: Humidity, Extrusion, Mass balance, food safety, Statgraphycs (software). Resumen El presente trabajo tuvo por principal objetivo diseñar el proceso industrial para la elaboración de extruido de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) sabor a vainilla, chocolate y maracuyá, donde para cumplirlo se inició con la caracterización física, bromatológica y microbiológica de la materia prima acorde a la ‘NTE INEN 1673 (2013): Quinua. Requisitos.’, seguido a esto se desarrolló el proceso tanto a nivel de laboratorio como industrial en donde se determinaron las operaciones unitarias idóneas para un diseño preciso entre las que constan la extrusión, la evaporación, el mezclado y el secado, a la vez se tomaron los datos necesarios de las variables del proceso (humedad, temperatura y tiempo) que ayudarían a realizar todos los cálculos de ingeniería indispensables para generar una producción diaria que utiliza 17 kg de extruido de quinua natural para obtener 22,702 kg de vainilla, 23,491 de chocolate o 24,137 kg de maracuyá, valores que fueron determinados mediante balances de masa. Con las muestras elaboradas se procedió a realizar una ficha de evaluación sensorial utilizando una prueba de preferencia en la que el sabor de vainilla tuvo un 63,03% de aceptabilidad, seguido del de maracuyá con un 20,72% y por último el de chocolate con un 16,22%. Una vez se culminó el diseño se realizó su validación a través de la ‘NTE INEN 2570 (2011): Bocaditos de granos, cereales y semillas. Requisitos.’, registrando valores dentro de los límites recomendados por dicha norma, por lo tanto el producto es apto para el consumo humano. Palabras Clave: Humedad, Extrusión, Balance de masa, Seguridad alimentaria Statgraphycs (software).


1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 499-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Reed ◽  
G Belfort

Membrane systems are unit processes that are becoming widely accepted for the demineralization of saline and other waste waters. Dissolved and particulate material, specifically colloidal matter, present in the feed stream to membrane systems are considered the principal causes of membrane fouling and reduced efficiency. Conventional water analysis do not yield the information needed to determine the amount of fouling that will occur. Therefore, some rapid indication of the water quality and its potential to foul is needed. Presently there are five tests available to evaluate feed-water quality for membrane processes. However, in each of these tests the apparatuses used do not model tangential (shear) flow across the membrane surface. Therefore, a new apparatus was designed and constructed to predict how the feed water foulants would behave in a flow field. A new apparatus, named the Simulated Flow Cell (SFC), was developed and tested in the laboratory with feed waters containing polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) as foulants and in the field with well-water and precholorinated secondary effluent. The SFC reproduced essentially the same results as the standard non-flow cell when operated under the same conditions. However, the SFC was also able to model flow regimes to membrane systems. The Simulated Flow Cell was tested using irradiated polycarbonate membranes with pore diameters ranging from 0.1 µm to 1.0 µm. The feed water turbidity was varied during the testing by the addition of PSL spheres. Varying these parameters permitted data collection under a wide range of conditions. For laboratory feed water with the addition of PSL spheres, a theoretically expected threshold velocity was observed with the SFC using 0.1 µm pore diameter membranes. The threshold axial velocity was directly proportional to the square root of the initial flux through the 0.1 µm Nuclepore membranes, which is in agreement with data collected from actual hyperfiltration plant operations. The Simulated Flow Cell is a low cost apparatus for the rapid characterization of permeator feed waters. The Simulated Flow Cell promises to become an important tool in the ever widening use of membrane processes in water and wastewater applications.


ACS Omega ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Chunjuan Zhang ◽  
Sage Hartlaub ◽  
Ivan Petrovic ◽  
Bilge Yilmaz

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Majid A. Adam ◽  
Hosam A. Saad ◽  
Ahmed A. Atta ◽  
Mohammed Alsawat ◽  
Mohamed S. Hegab ◽  
...  

Globally, environmental pollution is an important issue. Various pollutants present in water resources, such as bacteria, heavy-metal ions, and organic pollutants, cause serious problems to the environment, animals, plants, and human health. Among the water resources, pollutants, dyestuff, which is discharged from dyeing, textile, and other industrial processes, is an important class of pollutants. Removing these dye pollutants from water resources and wastewater is vital and important due to their toxicity. In this work, a CrFeO3-carbon nanotube (CNT) adsorbent was synthesized using environmentally friendly methods. The synthesized CrFeO3-CNT adsorbent was characterized stoichiometrically, spectroscopically, and morphologically. The synthesized CrFeO3-CNT adsorbent was tested for the removal of two dyes: Methyl violet 2B (MV) and Azocarmine G2 (AC) from an aqueous solution. Crushing CrFeO3 composite with multi-walled fullerene CNT to prepare CrFeO3-CNT adsorbent improved the adsorption performance of free multi-walled fullerene CNT towards MV dye by 30% and towards AC dye by 33.3%.


2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengyue Chen ◽  
Kamalesh K. Sirkar ◽  
Chi Jin ◽  
Dhananjay Singh ◽  
Robert Pfeffer

Background: Membrane technologies are of increasing importance in a variety of separation and purification applications involving liquid phases and gaseous mixtures. Although the most widely used applications at this time are in water treatment including desalination, there are many applications in chemical, food, healthcare, paper and petrochemical industries. This brief review is concerned with existing and emerging applications of various membrane technologies in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry. Methods: The goal of this review article is to identify important membrane processes and techniques which are being used or proposed to be used in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical operations. How novel membrane processes can be useful for delivery of crystalline/particulate drugs is also of interest. Results: Membrane separation technologies are extensively used in downstream processes for bio-pharmaceutical separation and purification operations via microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration. Also the new technique of membrane chromatography allows efficient purification of monoclonal antibodies. Membrane filtration techniques of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration are being combined with bioreactors and advanced oxidation processes to treat wastewaters from pharmaceutical plants. Nanofiltration with organic solvent-stable membranes can implement solvent exchange and catalyst recovery during organic solvent-based drug synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds/intermediates. Membranes in the form of hollow fibers can be conveniently used to implement crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds. The novel crystallization methods of solid hollow fiber cooling crystallizer (SHFCC) and porous hollow fiber anti-solvent crystallization (PHFAC) are being developed to provide efficient methods for continuous production of polymer-coated drug crystals in the area of drug delivery. Conclusion: This brief review provides a general introduction to various applications of membrane technologies in the pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical industry with special emphasis on novel membrane techniques for pharmaceutical applications. The method of coating a drug particle with a polymer using the SHFCC method is stable and ready for scale-up for operation over an extended period.


2010 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela G. de Moraes ◽  
Bianca G. Oliveira ◽  
Cristina Siligardi ◽  
Murilo Daniel de Mello Innocentini ◽  
Amir A.M. Oliveira Jr. ◽  
...  

The manufacturing and materials transformation industries generate residues, which do not always have an adequate ecological destination. In many cases, however, these secondary products can be directly re-used as raw materials in other industrial processes. In this context, this article presents the characterization of the sludge generated in the aluminum anodizing process and emphasizes the application potential of this residue as a raw material for the production of industrial ceramic filters. Results show that the high alumina contents (89-96 wt%) and composition constancy, as well as the low particle size (~1 m) after calcination and milling, render this residue a suitable raw material to produce alumina filters with optimized properties for casting engineering metal components with better performance.


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