Sex and Birth Control in West Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
Michael E. O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Central European ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Large Families ◽  
National Congress

Abstract Pius XII’s Addresses to the Catholic Union of Midwives on October 29, 1951 and the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families on November 27, 1951 were a pivotal moment in the history of sexuality in the Catholic Church because the pope permitted the use of the rhythm method for the purposes of family planning. They occurred at a moment of transition between Pius XI’s condemnation of contraception and abortion in 1930 and Paul VI’s denunciation of the birth control pill in 1968. This essay argues that these two speeches require greater scholarly attention and that West Germany represents a compelling case study for their reception. Other scholars document well the importance of Germany to the life and papacy of Pius XII, but little light has been shed on how Central European Catholics responded to his views about sex. In a fresh reading of the papal intervention, this essay suggests that the speeches only endorsed practices that had been common since the 1930s. In the midst of changing norms about sex and increased access to birth control as well as anxiety about rapid social change, Pius XII’s attempt at conciliation was significant but ultimately failed.

scholarly journals Causes of embryonic mortality in Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Johana Goyes Vallejos ◽  
Karim Ramirez-Soto
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Mortality Causes

Causes of embryonic mortality in Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Costa Rica. Members of the family Centrolenidae—commonly known as “glass frogs”—exhibit arboreal egg-laying behavior, depositing their clutches on riparian vegetation. Few studies have investigated specific causes of mortality during embryonic stages, perhaps the most vulnerable stage during the anuran life cycle. The Emerald Glass Frog, Espadarana prosoblepon, was used as a case study to investigate the causes of embryonic mortality in a species with short-term (i.e., less than 1 day) parental care. The specific sources of mortality of eggs of E. prosoblepon were quantified and overall rates of survival (hatching success) were estimated. Nineteen egg clutches were transferred from permanent outside enclosures to the wild. Clutch development was monitored daily until hatching; five mortality causes were quantified: desiccation, failure to develop, fungal infection, predation, and “rain-stripped.” The main causes of mortality were predation (often by katydids and wasps) and embryos stripped from the leaf during heavy rains. The results were compared to those of previous studies of centrolenids exhibiting parental care, and discussed in the context of the importance of the natural history data for these frogs with regard to understanding the evolutionary history of parental care in glass frogs.

scholarly journals Family Limitation

1966 ◽  
Vol 59 (11P1) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Specialist Service ◽  
Population Explosion ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

Dr Robert Smith surveys the history of birth control and sounds a warning for the future of mankind, if the population explosion is allowed to continue unchecked. He stresses the importance of the role of the general practitioner in the limitation of births. Sir Theodore Fox describes the work of the Family Planning Association and stresses that, increasingly, this is a specialist service covering all aspects of fertility. He also feels that the general practitioner has a role in family planning.

Modern Pentecostalism as an Urban Phenomenon: The Case of the Family of God Church in Zimbabwe

Exchange ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lovemore Togarasei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pentecostal Movement ◽  
Family Of God ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

AbstractThe past twenty to thirty years in the history of Zimbabwean Christianity have witnessed the emergence of a new breed of Pentecostalism that tends to attract the middle and upper classes urban residents. This paper presentsfindings from a case study of one such movement, the Family of God church. It describes and analyses the origins, growth and development of this church as an urban modern Pentecostal movement. Thefirst section of the paper discusses the origins and development of the church focusing on the life of the founder. The second section focuses on the teaching and practices of the church. The church's doctrines and practices are here analysed tofind out the extent to which these have been influenced by the socio-political and economic challenges in the urban areas. The paper concludes that the modern Pentecostal movement is meant to address urban needs.

scholarly journals ”The History of Human Stupidity”: Vojtěch Frič and his Program of a Comparative Study of Religions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-67
Author(s):  
Markéta Křížová
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
General Public ◽  
Central European ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
The Comparative Study

Abstract The present article represents a partial outcome of a larger project that focuses on the history of the beginnings of anthropology as an organized science at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, in the broader socio-political context of Central Europe. Attention is focused especially on the nationalist and social competitions that had an important impact upon intellectual developments, but in turn were influenced by the activities of scholars and their public activities. The case study of Vojtěch (Alberto) Frič, traveler and amateur anthropologist, who in the first two decades of the twentieth century presented to European scientific circles and the general public in the Czech Lands his magnanimous vision of the comparative study of religions, serves as a starting point for considerations concerning the general debates on the purpose, methods, and ethical dimensions of ethnology as these were resonating in Central European academia of the period under study.

scholarly journals Crises of the communist and neoliberal orders 30 years later: A structural comparison between 1975 and 2019 Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-504
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zarycki
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Structural Comparison ◽  
Critical Sociology ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Critical Case Study

This article proposes to look at the current moment in the recent history of the so-called Central-European countries, with Poland as a critical case study, through a structural comparison with an earlier historical cycle, that is one of the first three decades of the communist rule in the region. Thus, I propose to compare the social and economic situation in Poland of circa 1975 with that of 2019, so 30 years after the establishment of a new given political order (30 years after 1945 and 1989 respectively). The paper will offer a general overview of the trajectory of Poland in the post-war era, based primarily on the perspective of the world-system theory and that of the critical sociology of elites, one which will also point to the essential structural contexts of the post-communist dynamics of society. This paper will be based on a basic observation: even if both the 1970s and late 2010s can be considered as periods of relative political stabilization and economic growth for the region as such, and Poland in particular, these countries are, at the same time, subjected to a considerable and even increasing economic dependence on the Western core. In the conclusions, it is argued that the proposed comparative approach, taking into account both an earlier historical cycle and the broader structural dependency of the region, may allow to cast a new light on the nature of current dynamics in Polish politics as well as on the possible future trajectories of the country.

“On the Border of Old Age”: An Entangled History of Eldercare in East Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-371
Author(s):  
James Chappel
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
East Germany ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Experience ◽  
The Welfare State

ABSTRACTHistorical research has turned in the last years more intensively toward entangled and transnational histories of biopolitics, the family, and the welfare state, but without renewed interest in aging and pension policy, a sphere of human experience that is often interrogated in parochial terms, if at all. An analysis of the culture and policies of old age in East Germany in the 1950s and 1960s shows the importance of a transnational history of this subject. The GDR, the Communist state with the greatest proportion of elderly citizens, needed to create a socialist model of aging. Neither the Communist tradition in Weimar Germany, nor the experience of the other states in the Communist bloc provided substantial guidance. East Germans looked instead for inspiration to West Germany, which was itself engaged in a debate about aging and pension policy. By grappling with the Western experience, including its perceived and real limitations, the GDR in the Ulbricht developed a vision of what it meant to age as a socialist.

ЗМІНА ПОКОЛІНЬ ТА ТРАДИЦІЙ В ІНТЕЛІГЕНТСЬКИХ КОЛАХ СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ У ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ (Григор Лужницький)

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Людмила Белінська
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Knowledge Culture ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Gene ◽  
High Level

У культурному просторі Львова першої пол. ХХ ст. відомим був катехит о. Леонід Лужницький. Належність до духовного стану, шляхетне походження, високі студії, культурні зацікавлення, добірне товариство колег-однодумців утворило специфічну когорту української шляхетної греко-католицької еліти. Свої знання, культуру, досвід Лужницькі передали наступним поколінням. У різких соціальних змінах зуміли зберегти засади доброго виховання, толерантності, розуміння власних дітей, що допомогло зберегти родинний генофонд сповненим людської гідності, впевненості, високої культури. Яскравим прикладом цього є постать Григора Лужницького, який обрав світський шлях, досліджував історію Греко-католицької церкви, мав неабиякий літературний талант, присвятив життя театру та науковій діяльності. In the educational and cultural space of Lviv in the first half of the twentieth century. the catechite of pr. Leonid Luzhnitsky Spiritual affiliation, noble backgrounds, high-level studios, cultural interests, an associate group of like-minded colleagues formed a specific cohort of the Ukrainian noble Greek Catholic elite. Luzhnytsky passed on their knowledge, culture and experience to the next generations. In sharp social changes they managed to keep the principles of good education, tolerance, understanding of their own children, which helped to keep the family gene pool full of human dignity, confidence and high culture. A striking example of this is the figure of Gregor Luzhnytsky, who deeply chose the secular path, researched the history of the Greek Catholic Church, had remarkable literary talent, devoted his life to theater and scientific activity.

Protecting Unborn Life in the Secular Age: The Catholic Church and the West German Abortion Debate, 1969–1989

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-645
Author(s):  
Kimba Allie Tichenor
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
The West ◽  
Abortion Debate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Events ◽  
The Catholic Church

In 1969, the newly elected coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) in West Germany announced plans to reform Paragraph 218, the law that regulated women's access to abortion. This announcement prompted a public debate in West Germany on the state's obligation to protect unborn life—a debate that continues today in reunified Germany. Through an analysis of key events in that debate between 1969 and 1989, this article makes a twofold argument. First it argues that despite West Germany's increasingly secular orientation, the Catholic Church exercised significant political influence with respect to abortion policy throughout the history of the Federal Republic. Second, it argues that the West German Church's participation in these debates exposed deep rifts within the Catholic community, which, in turn, contributed to the formation of a smaller, more activist, and conservative Church. This smaller Church has achieved a remarkable degree of political success in reunified Germany by mobilizing its conservative core constituency, embracing new arguments, and pursuing issue-specific alliances.

scholarly journals ‘Not in our name without us’ – The intervention of Catholic Women Speak at the Synod of Bishops on the Family: A case study of a global resistance movement by Catholic women

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nontando Hadebe
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Catholic Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
The Catholic Church

This article will illustrate through a case study of the intervention of the Catholic Women Speak Network (CWSN) at the Synod of Bishops on the Family, the dynamic movement within Steyn’s Critical Diversity Literacy theory from ‘reading’ the social script of injustice to conscientisation and finally actions for transformation, a methodology similar to that of feminist theologies. In the Catholic Church power, privilege and leadership are institutionalised in the hands of celibate males, and in the context of the Synod they had power to vote on teachings on family life. This hegemony that excludes women’s voices and essentialises women was challenged by the CWSN, illustrating connections between theory and praxis as well as diversity as a critical tool of resistance.

The Structure of Newman's Apologia

PMLA ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Svaglic
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Evangelical Christianity ◽  
Spiritual Autobiography ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Personal Influence ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Limited Scope

The Apologia pro Vita Sua is not the autobiography of Newman from 1801 to 1845. It tells us nothing of the family life, the student activities, the intellectual and artistic interests of its complex subject. Nor is it even a spiritual autobiography of those years except in a limited sense. We must turn to the Letters and Correspondence, with their “Autobiographical Memoir”, to supplement the bare account given in the Apologia of Newman's conversion to Evangelical Christianity. The Apologia is primarily a work of rhetoric designed to persuade a body of readers or “judges”, English, Protestant, and suspicious of a convert to an unpopular religion, that Newman, whom Kingsley had made a symbol of the Catholic priesthood, was a man not of dishonesty but of integrity. Newman chose autobiography as his method because of his lifelong English preference of the concrete to the abstract, his vivid realization of the rôle in persuasion of personal influence: “I am touched by my five senses, by what my eyes behold and my ears hear. … I gain more from the life of our Lord in the Gospels than from a treatise de Deo.”1 “The heart is commonly reached, not through the reason, but through the imagination, by means of direct impressions, by the testimony of facts and events, by history, by description. Persons influence us, voices melt us, looks subdue us, deeds inflame us/'sj^was his conversion to Catholicism after a long puzzling delay, many predictions of the event, and even) charges of treachery to the Church of England that had created th^ atmosphere of suspicion in which his character had been impugned! Therefore he would confine the autobiography principally to a brief explanation of how he arrived, to begin with, at what so many regarded with suspicion and fear: Anglo-Cathoiic principles; and to a detailed one of how, having accepted them and devoted himself to propagating them, he became convinced that the principles which had led him thus far must lead him farther still, into the Catholic Church. ”I am but giving a history of my opinions, and that, with the view of showing that I have come by them through intelligible processes of thought and honest external means“ (p. 27). If that history of opinions, in spite of its limited scope, has so much of the richness and variety of great autobiography, it is because Newman held that the means by which we arrive at belief, all of which he would try to chronicle for his own life so far as that was possible, were multiform and complex.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document