scholarly journals Attempts for Common Understanding of the Concept of Worker as a Consequence of Globalisation?

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
Joanna Ryszka
Keyword(s):  
Social Injustice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
Global World ◽  
Common Understanding

Abstract Globalisation may concern many different issues, among others, the increase in migration that creates opportunities for all. There should be no doubt that globalisation can bring both positive and negative effects to workers. It can be seen as new opportunities for people, because they can travel, work, learn and live in different countries. Simultaneously however it can be perceived as synonymous to job losses, social injustice, or low environmental, health, and privacy standards. As a result of globalisation, the world is becoming more and more complex and the economic importance of state borders is reduced. It should therefore not raise doubts, that global problems require the capacity to agree on coordinated global responses and mechanisms on the basis of international cooperation. Among the basic international organisations which provide solutions for workers who have decided to look for a job in another country, one can generally mention the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Council of Europe, and the European Union (EU). There is quite a large number of legal acts created in the framework of those organisations, and so we should ask a question if in such a situation we should also try to understand some legal concepts; in our case concepts connected with taking up employment, in a similar way. Even if the answer is positive, another question comes to mind – is it possible to have such definitions in a global world? It is thus not enough to provide legal regulations concerning worker’s rights and obligations if we do not know who exactly should be treated like a worker. The following article will try to answer those questions and simultaneously try to show that globalisation may affect the way certain terms should be understood.

Educational policies in Romania from Ceauşescu’s heritage to European mimicry

Südosteuropa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela-Viorica Ruşitoru
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
National Context ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Common Features

AbstractAfter the fall of communism educational policy in Romania was called upon to ‘shake up’ the communist heritage and effectively translate European and international prerogatives into the national context there. The main focus of this article then is the educational reforms occurring since the Ceauşescu era. The author examines key vectors of educational policies by analysing the discourse of officials from the international organisations UNESCO, OECD, ILO, and the Council of Europe and that of policy makers and educational actors from the European Union and Romania. Her threefold approach highlights the persistence of communist heritage and the scope of European mimicry, as she shows that corruption, nepotism, and favouritism are among the most common features of Romanian educational policy. She uncovers too a lack of perspective, with a mimetic reproduction of external standards, and absence of landmarks, no team-work and poor organisation of debate, all in a climate of political instability.

Hungary: Act LXII of 2001 on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242-1253
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Republic

In order to comply with its responsibilities for Hungarians living abroad and to promote the preservation and development of their manifold relations with Hungary prescribed in paragraph (3) of Article 6 of the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary;Considering the European integration endeavours of the Republic of Hungary and in-keeping with the basic principles espoused by international organisations, and in particular by the Council of Europe and by the European Union, regarding the respect of human rights and the protection of minority rights;Having regard to the generally recognised rules of international law, as well as to the obligations of the Republic of Hungary assumed under international law

scholarly journals ESTABLISHING THE RATIO OF CONCEPTS OF COUNTERACTION TO LEGALIZATION (LAUNDERING) OF ILLEGALLY-OBTAINED INCOME AND COUNTERACTION TO THE SHADOW ECONOMY: THE IMPORTANCE FOR DETERMINING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olha Tylchyk ◽  
Olena Dragan ◽  
Olena Nazymko
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Legal Concepts

The vast majority of reports from governments of the European Union member states and applicants for such membership contain a separate provision on ensuring their effectiveness in the system of combating money laundering and terrorist financing, adherence to the requirements of leading international groups and organizations for such measures. In particular, the assessment of compliance with the 40 Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on combating money laundering and counteraction to terrorist financing, conducted in Ukraine in 2017 and ended with the relevant report of the Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe MONEYVAL (Report, 2018), is systematically evaluated. The mentioned monitoring body of the Council of Europe assesses, in particular, compliance with the main international standards of organizational, technical, and legal provision of counteraction actors in the respective country, making emphasis on the fact that corruption and illegal (shadow) economic activity (and, according to a well-founded author’s approach – “shadowing of the economy” – Tylchyk, 2017) are the main threats (risks) of money laundering (Report, 2018). Today it is possible to state the awareness of the need to introduce generally accepted standards into the practice of special subjects of providing economic security, although in the absence of a single vision of their place in the overall system of subjects of national security. At the same time, there is a significant complication regarding the gradual, system, and systematic nature of this activity, which is determined by the aggravation of social tension in society, external aggression, features of the formation of domestic doctrine and legislation traditionally oriented towards the application of the maximally defined concepts, at the same time, to date contain ambiguous provisions as to the content, in particular, the concept of illegally-obtained income, which does not coincide with that specified in the mentioned Standards and other international documents. The above stipulates the urgency to search for optimal ways to eliminate these inconsistencies, which lead to real hampering activities related to providing a counteraction to the legalization (laundering) of illegally-obtained income, in order to secure not only the national interests of Ukraine but also of the entire world. Methodology. The solution of the set purpose is realized using the cognitive potential of the system of philosophical, general scientific, and special methods. Analysis and synthesis allowed identifying the signs of illegally-obtained income, shadow economy, fight against the shadowing of the economy, and forming the latter concept. Methods of grammatical review and interpretation of legal rules helped to identify gaps and other shortcomings of legislation on problems of providing counteraction to the legalization (laundering) of illegally-obtained income, to develop proposals for its improvement, in particular regarding the features of defining the meaning of the concept of “illegally-obtained income” in domestic law field, the correlation of this concept and other economic and legal concepts. The comparative legal method allowed determining the development directions for domestic statutory acts in order to bring them in line with the generally accepted European standards. Practical implications. The level of shadowing of the Ukrainian economy, as well as many other countries of the world, requires the introduction of effective, timely, and consistent measures, in particular, to ensure control over the mentioned processes and create conditions for minimizing the possibilities of legalization (laundering) of illegally-obtained income by the efforts of the system of subjects of providing national (including economic) security to counteract the shadowing of the economy, for which it is necessary to formulate uniform unambiguous basic concepts that are “legalization (laundering) of illegally-obtained income”, “counteraction to the economic shadowing”, which determine the actual direction of the activities of these subjects and correlate the use of appropriate complex measures and facilities.

An Axiology of the European Legal Space

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Wrońska
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Research Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Application Of Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Law cannot be created without value or based on false values, therefore dealing with the axiology of law is necessary, also in the context of international law. Therefore, it was considered justified to study values and to address the issue of the axiology of law in the analyses of the legal specificity of the European legal space, which was also made an essential objective of these considerations. The framework of the considerations was narrowed down to the European legal area, considering it to be the normative sphere of influence of European international organisations, i.e. the Council of Europe, the European Union and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. With this research area in mind, the concepts that formed the core of the considerations were analysed, namely: the concept of the European Legal Area, the axiology of European law and legal culture. The aim of the analysis is to show that the common values of the law, which the European legal area upholds, determine the direction of legislation, interpretation of legal provisions and the direction of application of law, thus promoting the formation of a coherent legal order in Europe.

scholarly journals Applying socially responsible entrepreneurship in tourism businesses

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Milena Botlíková ◽  
Josef Botlík ◽  
Jana Stuchlíková
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Global World

The current global world is recording and progressively developing tourism industry by the expansion of hotels and catering facilities. The development of tourism is inextricably linked with positive impacts such as growth of employment, increase in business activities, etc. On the other hand, the connection between tourism and global problems has been actively discussed in recent years. With the development of tourism occurs to the congestion of destinations, globalization brings degeneration of national cultures, grow gas emissions, soil erosion and increased waste production. The research revealed that Czech citizens consider the accumulation of waste as one of the global problems right after the lack of drinking water. One possibility of effective management of corporate waste is the implementation of waste management strategy in the management of the company. Businesses should aim to reduce, sort and recycle. The aim of the article was to compare the development of waste production in the European Union and the Czech Republic in connection with tourism and to evaluate the approach of Czech hotel companies to the issue of waste management. On the basis of the analysis, it can be stated that the amount of waste is gradually increasing and the hotels have some reserves.

Conditions of democracy-enhancing multilateralism: expansion of rights protections in Europe?

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
THERESA SQUATRITO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
Domestic Law

AbstractAs argued in a recent article by Keohane, Macedo, and Moravcsik, ‘democracy-enhancing multilateralism’ highlights the potential ways in which international organisations can enhance domestic democracy. The thesis raises an important question about the conditions which shape the likelihood that multilateralism will have such democratising effects. This article responds to the question of conditionality, looking at one way in which democracy may be improved by multilateralism-through the expansion of rights protections. That is, under what conditions will domestic democratic processes garner an improved ability to protect rights as a result of a state's participation in multilateral institutions? Using most likely empirical cases – the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (COE) – this article argues that three conditions affect the likelihood that rights expansion will result from multilateral legal institutions. Together the compatibility between the international legal principle and pre-existing domestic law, legal mobilisation, and the precision and obligation of the international law have significant affect on the likelihood of rights expansion. The unique contribution here is a set of conditions that helps to understand when and where rights are likely to expand as a result of a state's participation in international organisations.

scholarly journals How Effective is the European Security Architecture? Lessons from Bosnia and Kosovo

2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wouters ◽  
Frederik Naert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The World

Security (in a broad sense, see infra, II.B) in Europe is the realm of several regional international organisations, mainly the European Union (“EU”), Western European Union (“WEU”), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“NATO”), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (“OSCE”) and, to a lesser extent, the Council of Europe, creating a patchwork of regional security institutions that is unique in the world. These organisations interact in many ways and claim to be mutually reinforcing. Is that the case? Is there room for improvement?

The European Charter of Local Self-Government

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Himsworth
Keyword(s):  
Critical Study ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regional Authorities

The first critical study of the 1985 international treaty that guarantees the status of local self-government (local autonomy). Chris Himsworth analyses the text of the 1985 European Charter of Local Self-Government and its Additional Protocol; traces the Charter’s historical emergence; and explains how it has been applied and interpreted, especially in a process of monitoring/treaty enforcement by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities but also in domestic courts, throughout Europe. Locating the Charter’s own history within the broader recent history of the Council of Europe and the European Union, the book closes with an assessment of the Charter’s future prospects.

EUROPEAN FISCAL RULES AS A LIABILITY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC TRADE CONFLICT: LESSONS FROM NiGEM SIMULATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. R54-R66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dullien ◽  
Sabine Stephan ◽  
Thomas Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trump Administration

Under the Trump administration, a transatlantic trade conflict has been escalating step by step. First, it was about tariffs on steel and aluminium, then about retaliation for the French digital tax, which is suspended until the end of the year. Most recently, the US administration threatened the European Union with tariffs on cars and car parts because of Canadian seafood being subject to lower import duties. As simulations with NiGEM show, a further escalation of the transatlantic trade conflict has the potential to slow down economic growth significantly in the countries involved. This is a considerable risk given the fact that the countries have to cope with the enormous negative effects of the pandemic shock. Furthermore, the damage caused by the trade conflict depends on the extent to which the affected countries use fiscal policy to stabilise their economies.

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