Classical Guarani beyond grammars and dictionaries: on an 18th century Jesuit manuscript

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Ringmacher
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Elementary Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Basic Communication

AbstractLike so many other languages in Spanish South America, Guarani, as spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries, is documented in grammars, dictionaries, and catechisms. These texts were primarily written for priests as tools of basic communication with the indigenous population. The Jesuit system of Reductions (protected Indian villages), however, led language learners to face other language uses beyond the elementary level. To teach these, other texts were created, such as the one presented in this paper that deals with the translation of a booklet on the early history of the Guarani Reductions. Its pedagogical features, together with its descriptive significance for our grasp of the language used, will be explained. A close examination of both the old grammars and contemporary texts will lead to a clearer understanding of the constitutive particularities of the language.

The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Potential for Violent Escalation

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-78
Author(s):  
Ioana Emy Matesan
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The One ◽  
Gamal Abdel Nasser

This chapter revisits the early history of the Muslim Brotherhood to understand why an organization that started out as a nonviolent religious movement came to be associated with violence. Many blame this on the harsh repression under President Gamal Abdel Nasser. However, the analysis shows that the drift toward violence started much earlier. Reconstructing the sequence of events between 1936 and 1948, the chapter reveals that what initially politicized the Brotherhood was the presence of British troops in Egypt and Palestine. The formation of an armed wing led to competition over authority within the group, which incentivized violent escalation. The chapter then focuses on the period between 1954 and 1970 and shows that repression had a dual effect. On the one hand, it inspired new jihadi interpretations, which were particularly appealing to younger members. On the other hand, the prisons were also the backdrop against which the Brotherhood became convinced that violence was futile.

Stukeley, Avebury and the Druids

Antiquity ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Piggott
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
Romantic Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
English Culture

There have been few tendencies in the history of English culture with so profound a contemporary influence as the so-called Romantic Movement of the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still fewer with such a strangely assorted progeny. That toying with ‘the Gothick’, which produced such early jeux d'esprit as Walpole's Strawberry Hill or Beckford's Fonthill, led, on the one hand, to the Albert Memorial, and, on the other, to the sculpture of Eric Gill; in literature, while the Romantics founded an honourable poetic tradition extending from Collins through Wordsworth to Blunden, it is surely not fantastic to see in such works as Lewis' Bravo of Venice the genesis of the modern thriller. Most strange of all, one outcome of the Romantic Movement was a new branch of science. For prehistoric archaeology in England was not the product of the classical lore so eagerly absorbed from Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries, but originated in those eccentric gentlemen of the 18th century who perambulated the countryside studying at first hand the antiquities of their own forefathers.

scholarly journals Historicodogmatic Treatise by Elias Meniates and its 18th-century Serbian Translators from Greek

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dzhamilia N. Ramazanova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Translation ◽  
The One ◽  
Catholic Churches

The article discusses the history of translation by the 18th-century Serbian translators of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” (“Rock of Offence”) written by the theologian and preacher Elias Meniates (1667–1714) in which he deals with the causes of interconfessional polemic between the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches. The history of these translations is placed within the context of interest in Meniates’ works, evidenced in Europe and in the Christian East throughout the 18th century. The vivid style and argumentation of Meniates inspired Stefan Pisarev, inter alia, to translate “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” into Russian, which he did in 1744. In the focus of our research are manuscripts stored in several Serbian libraries and archive collections, namely, manuscripts of “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” translations made by Jovan Mladenović (in 1742) and Vićentije Rakić (in 1797/98). In the study we present, the biographies of the two authors of these unpublished translations are traced and defined more accurately. At the final stage of the study, we correlate the historical settings and probable reasons motivating Mladenović and Rakić to make the Serbian translations of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου”, on the one hand, and the factors leading to the emergence of a Russian translation of the same treatise by Pisarev, on the other. As believed by the author of this article, the aforementioned translations will serve as a valuable linguistic source for historians of Slavic languages and letters in their comparative studies.

scholarly journals Mulheres do Povo e Espaço Público na Revolução Francesa: Uma Análise Através de Imagens

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Amanda De Queirós Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
The One ◽  
The French Revolution

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a participação política feminina, principalmente das mulheres das camadas populares, durante a Revolução Francesa, e também a origem, os usos do termo femmes tricoteuses e quem eram as mulheres caracterizadas como tricoteuses. Para isso, faz uma análise de fontes documentais imagéticas do período disponíveis no acervo da Bibliothèque Nationale de France, comparando com a produção historiográfica sobre as mulheres na Europa Moderna – principalmente no recorte França do século XVIII -, Iluminismo e Revolução Francesa. Ademais, utiliza como arcabouço teórico-metodológico o capítulo intitulado “A Revolução Francesa: um relato através de imagens” de Michel Vovelle.Palavras-chave: História das mulheres; Iluminismo; Revolução Francesa. AbstractThis article aims to comprehend feminine political participation, mainly the one of lower classes women, during the French Revolution. Also it aims to comprehend the origin, uses of term femmes tricoteuses and who were the women characterized as tricoteuses. For this purpose, The article present an analysis of image sources of the period available in the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, compare images with historiography  productions about women in Modern Europe – mainly in France in the 18th century -, Enlightenment and French Revolution. Besides, it uses as theoretical-methodological support Michel Vovelle’s chapter  “A Revolução Francesa: um relato através de imagens”.Keywords: History of women; Enlightenment; French Revolution.

De Sociolinguïstische Geschiedenis Van Het Negerhollands

1992 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Hans den Besten ◽  
Pieter Muysken
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Early History ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Near Future

In this paper we describe a number of features of the history of Negerhollands (Creole Dutch), spoken on the Danish Antilles, later U.S. Virgin Islands, between around 1700 and 1900 (the last remaining speaker died recently). Special attention is paid to early history and demography, linguistic features of the creole (on the basis of a number of proverbs), a characterization of the type of Dutch that provided the lexical input for the language, and variation in the creole itself. The paper provides the framework in which much more detailed research, based on the analysis of 18th century manuscript sources, can be carried out in the near future.

„Ein Arzneibuch für alle Rezepte“ (Paolo Mattia Doria)

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-494
Author(s):  
Gisela Schlüter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Summary „A pharmacopoeia for any prescription“ (Paolo Mattia Doria).Machiavelliana after 1700 Recent research has gained many new insights into Machiavelli’s influence on Early Modern European political history. This article focuses on a so far little researched, but decisive stage in the history of Machiavelli’s influence, namely Paolo Mattia Doria’s treatise „La Vita Civile“ (1709/10; further editions in the 18th century), which was written in Naples, a centre of the Early European Enlightenment. In a peculiar mixture of anti-machiavellism that is inspired by Platonic thought and allegiance to Machiavellian ideas, Doria follows the structure and texture of Machiavelli’s „Il Principe“. The political treatise is still coloured by humanist ideas and includes a speculum principis („L’Educazione del Principe“). Despite the similarities, Doria criticizes Machiavelli’s amoral analysis of power politics and postulates, with reference to Machiavelli’s „Discorsi“, an ideal republic or a principality of virtue with a virtuous ruler (principe virtuoso) at the top. In the course of his analysis, Doria re-moralizes Machiavelli’s morally neutral, praxeological concept of virtù. The treatise reflects the fork in the history of Machiavelli’s influence both on a general level and in its details: the ambivalence of „Il Principe“ as political advice for the successful and unscrupulous prince on the one hand but, on the other hand, as an exposure of unscrupulous power politics, written modo obliquo by the passionate Republican whom Rousseau, for example, wanted to see in Machiavelli.

scholarly journals Cholera.

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Kaper ◽  
J G Morris ◽  
M M Levine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

scholarly journals Art. XIV.—The Migrations and Early History of the White Huns; principally from Chinese Sources

1878 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thos. W. Kingsmill
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Geology ◽  
The One

One of the most interesting migrations on record is that of the Yuehti from their old seats in the north-west of China to the site of the Greek kingdom of Bactria. Its interest is increased rather than diminished by the fact that we can trace its origin by the aid of authentic records, as well as from the knowledge that it was but one in a series, the original exciting cause of which still remains veiled in an obscurity apparently only to be pierced, on the one hand, by the geologist who shall work out the changes in the physical geology of Asia, within the human period, or, on the other, by the comparative mythologist, who, placing side by side the myths and traditions of its ancient inhabitants, sees, though dimly, some sort of order rising out of what, at first sight, is a veritable chaos.

scholarly journals Les Universitats i la seva història. Algunes reflexions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Alabrús Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Teaching Load ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
History Of Universities ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

Resum: En aquest article es fa un estat de la qüestió sobre la història de la Universitats amb un estudi comparatiu de les Universitats de la Corona d’Aragó i, en particular, de les catalanes, amb les Universitats castellanes. S’examina la problemàtica institucional amb les tensions entre l’Església, la Monarquia i els Municipis pel control universitari, la població estudiantil, l’oferta cultural, en les diverses Facultats, l’estructura econòmica, la càrrega docent i la presumpta «revolució educativa» des de la segona meitat de segle xvi. S’analitza, d’altra banda, el període de la decadència final de les Universitats catalanes i la significació de Cervera amb el debat entre jesuïtes i dominics al voltant de la Universitat creada per Felip V i el paper de centres culturals alternatius com l’Acadèmia de Sant Tomàs o l’Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona. Paraules clau: Història de les Universitats, problemàtica institucional, càrrega docent, revolució educativa segle xvi, Cervera al segle XVIII Abstract: This article presents a state of the art on the history of Universities with a comparative study of the Universities of the Crown of Aragon and particularly of the Universities of the Crown of Aragon.The institutional problem is examined with the tensions between the Church, the Monarchy and the Municipalities by the university control, the student population, the cultural supply, in the diverse Faculties, the economic structure, the teaching load and the alleged «revolution educational» of the second half of the 16th century. It also analyses the period of the final decay of the Catalan Universities and the significance of Cervera with the debate between Jesuits and Dominicans around the University, create by Philip V, and the role of alternative cultural centres such as the one. Academia de Sant Tomàs or the Academy of Good Letters of Barcelona. Keywords: History of universities, institutional problems, teaching load, educational revolution sixteenth century, Cervera in the 18th century

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