scholarly journals Evaluation of TGF-β1 and EGFR in Cleft Affected Lip Mucosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Olga Rimdenoka ◽  
Māra Pilmane
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orofacial Cleft ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Moderate Number ◽  
Healthy Mucosa ◽  
Tgf Β1

Background. The morphopathogenesis of orofacial cleft development is only partly understood; therefore, it is important to identify factors, which possibly could be involved in it. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of TGF-β1 and EGFR-containing cells in cleft affected lip mucosa.Materials and Methods. The study group included lip mucosa tissue samples from 14 patients with orofacial cleft. The control group contained 11 healthy oral mucosa tissue samples. The tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for TGF-β1 and EGFR. The expression of positive structures was graded semiquantitatively. IBM SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis, Spearman`s rank correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed.Results. Mostly few to moderate number (+/++) of TGF-β1-containing cells was found in epithelium, also the same number of fibroblasts and macrophages was seen in the lamina propria of cleft affected lip mucosa. Meanwhile, healthy oral mucosa on average demonstrated a moderate number (++) of TGF-β1-containing epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages. A variable, mostly indistinct number of EGFR-containing cells was seen in the epithelium of cleft affected lip mucosa, meanwhile, mostly no (0) EGFR positive cells were found in the epithelium of healthy mucosa. Statistically significantly less TGF-β1-containing cells were found in the epithelium of cleft affected lip mucosa than in the healthy mucosa (U=33.000; p=0.015). Also, the lamina propria of cleft affected lip mucosa showed statistically significantly less TGF-β1 immunoreactive fibroblasts and macrophages than the healthy mucosa (U=28.500; p=0.006).Conclusions. The decreased number of TGF-β1-containing epithelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages in cleft affected lip mucosa proves the role of problematic tissue remodelation in the cleft pathogenesis. The distribution of EGFR in cleft affected and healthy mucosa is similar and possibly does not play a role in the cleft development of humans.

scholarly journals The association between parameters of oral mucosal immunity and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with rampant caries

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
A. S. Putneva ◽  
T. M. Karavaeva ◽  
M. V. Maksimenya ◽  
P. P. Tereshkov ◽  
M. N. Mishchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Rampant Caries

Aim. To determine the saliva level of immunoregulatory proteins in patients with rampant caries and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency and evaluate the association of their concentration with 25(OH)D plasma level.Materials and methods. The study was performed in two groups. The experimental group included 15 patients aged 20–22 years with rampant caries and the 25(OH)D plasma level of < 20 ng / ml. The control group encompassed 15 healthy age-matched volunteers with the 25(OH)D plasma level of 20–100 ng / ml. The concentrations of B7.2 (CD86), free active TGF-β1, CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3, LAG-3, IGFBP-4, and ICAM-1 were assessed using flow cytometry. The levels of LL-37 and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were measured using ELISA. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to reveal a correlation between the indicated proteins and the 25(OH)D plasma level.Results. A decrease in B7.2 (CD86), PD-1, Tim-3, sIgA, and LL-37 and elevation of IGFBP-4 and ICAM-1 saliva levels were detected in patients with rampant caries and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. A positive Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was revealed between plasma 25(OH)D and saliva levels of free active TGF-β1, CTLA4, B7.2 (CD86), LL-37, and sIgA. A negative correlation was revealed between 25(OH)Dand ICAM-1.Conclusion. 25(OH)D deficiency in patients with rampant caries is associated with decreased levels of B7.2 (CD86), PD-1, Tim-3, sIgA, and LL-37 and elevated levels of IGFBP-4 and ICAM-1 in the saliva. 

scholarly journals Phenotypic and functional characterisation of myofibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes migrating out of the human gastric lamina propria following the loss of epithelial cells

Gut ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
K C Wu ◽  
L M Jackson ◽  
A M Galvin ◽  
T Gray ◽  
C J Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Functional Characterisation ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cox 1

BACKGROUNDThe basement membrane of human colonic mucosa contains numerous discrete pores. We have recently shown that following loss of the surface epithelium, many cells migrate out of the colonic lamina propria via basement membrane pores.AIMSTo characterise cells migrating out via basement membrane pores of the human gastric lamina propria, following loss of the surface epithelium.METHODSFresh human gastric mucosal samples were completely denuded of epithelial cells and placed in culture. Tissue samples were studied by electron microscopy (EM) and cells by EM, FACS analysis, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).RESULTSEM showed numerous discrete pores (0.65–8.29 μm in diameter) in the subepithelial basement membrane. During culture of mucosal samples denuded of epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and myofibroblasts migrated out of the lamina propria via the basement membrane pores. The lymphocytes were predominantly CD45RO+ and CD69+ T cells. Macrophages were shown to express cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 enzymes. Myofibroblasts were established in culture and, despite prolonged culture and passage, retained their phenotype. They expressed mRNA and protein for COX 1 and 2 enzymes and their release of prostaglandin E2 was inhibited by selective COX 1 and 2 inhibitors.CONCLUSIONSLamina propria cells migrating out of cultured denuded gastric mucosal samples have been characterised phenotypically and functionally. Such cells would be suitable for studies of their interactions with epithelial cells and also with Helicobacter pylori and its products.

scholarly journals A cytomorphometric analysis of the oral mucosa in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 824-833
Author(s):  
RS Lamichhane ◽  
K Boaz ◽  
S Natrajan ◽  
M Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Nuclear Area ◽  
Cytoplasmic Area ◽  
Cellular Area ◽  
Nuclear Alterations

Background:  Although many of the pathological conditions of oral mucosa are clinically distinguishable, most lesions require a definitive diagnosis. This article tried the use of exfoliative cytology as an alternative tool in the screening, diagnosis and follow-up of diabetes mellitus.Materials and Methods: After rinsing the mouth with normal saline, slides were prepared from buccal mucosa and dorsum of tongue and fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. The slides were stained with Papanicolaou stain and Acridine orange. Fifty clearly defined cells in each slide were visualized under light microscope for cytomorphometric analysis of cells using Image J software and under fluorescence microscope for assessment of nuclear alterations like micronuclei, nuclear budding, binucleation, multinucleation and karyorrhexis.Results: Statistically significant increase in Nuclear area BM (p = 0.000057), Nuclear Area Tongue (p= 0.0000113), total Nuclear Area (p= 000079), Cellular Area BM (p= 0.0475), Cellular Area Tongue (p= 0.0105), Total Cellular Area (p= 0.00496), Cytoplasmic Area Tongue (p= 0.00358), Total Cytoplasmic Area (p= 0.00268) were obtained from epithelial cells in the diabetic group when compared with the control group. Also the epithelial cells from the diabetic group showed features such as nuclear budding, micronuclei, binucleation, karyorrhexis and perinuclear halo. Conclusion:  The objective demonstration of cytomorphometric and nuclear alterations by the oral exfoliated cells indicate the presence of cytological changes in the oral mucosa of diabetic patients despite the apparently normal clinical appearance. Hence, cytomorphometric analysis would aid the health professional as an additional non-invasive tool for the screening and monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of innervation in cleft affected oral mucosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Olga Rimdenoka ◽  
Māra Pilmane
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Hard Palate ◽  
Orofacial Cleft ◽  
Alveolar Process ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fibre Bundles ◽  
Pgp 9.5

Orofacial clefts are one of the most common pathologies present at birth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of PGP 9.5, substance P, VIP, CGRP, myelin and NFG in cleft affected mucosa of alveolar process, soft and hard palate, vomer and lip. Methods. Orofacial cleft affected mucosa tissue samples were obtained during surgical cleft correction from 21 children aged from 2 months to 9 years and 10 months. Prepared tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5, substance P, VIP, CGRP, myelin and NGF. The intensity of staining was graded semiquantitatively. Results. Mostly moderate number and numerous PGP 9.5, substance P, VIP, CGRP, myelin and NGF-containing nerve fibres and nerve fibre bundles and CGRP and NGF positive keratinocytes were detected. The most immunoreactive for PGP 9.5, myelin and NGF were nerve fibres, nerve fibre bundles and keratinocytes in lip mucosa tissue samples. Typically, PGP 9.5-containing nerve fibres were detected in subepithelium close to basal lamina, near blood vessels; thin PGP 9.5 positive nerve fibres were also observed between keratinocytes. Immunoreactivity of CGRP was higher than of substance P in nerve fibres and nerve fibre bundles. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between all markers in subepithelium of all tissue samples. Conclusions. The proved statistically significant strong inter-correlation and the number of general neuropeptide-containing innervation (PGP 9.5), sensory nerves (CGRP and substance P), and parasympathetic nerves (VIP) is similar in orofacial cleft affected oral mucosa to such described in scientific literature healthy oral mucosa, except the alveolar process covering mucosa where the above innervation varies. Very strong and strong statistically significant positive correlations between the number of PGP 9.5, substance P, CGRP and VIP positive structures on the one hand, and NGF and myelin, on the other hand, indicate a connection between quality markers and common neuropeptide-containing, sensory and parasympathetic innervation in cleft affected oral tissue. The number of PGP 9.5, NGF and myelin immunoreactive neuronal structures in lip mucosa is higher than in the alveolar process, soft and hard palate and vomer mucosa, suggesting the significance of qualitative common innervation in this organ even in the cleft affected case.

scholarly journals Prostatic epithelial cells and their high expressions of CKIP-1 affect the TGF-β1 expression levels which might reduce the scar formation in remodeling stage at prostatic urethral wounds after wound repair

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Lixin Wang ◽  
Ying Cao ◽  
Zhizhong Guan ◽  
Guangheng Luo ◽  
Lei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bladder Neck ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Prostatic Urethra ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prostate Epithelial Cells ◽  
Neck Wound ◽  
Tgf Β1

Abstract Objective There are less scar formations in some wounds after wound repair. Our earlier study had shown that the amount of collagen fibers in canine prostatic urethra wound were less than in bladder neck wound after 2-μm laser resection of the prostate (TmLRP) and partial bladder neck mucosa at 4 weeks. The purpose of this study was to observe the amount of scar tissue and characterize the probable causes of “less scar healing” in prostatic urethra wound. Methods A total of 12 healthy adult male crossbred canines underwent resection of prostate and partial bladder neck mucosa using 2-μm laser. The prostatic urethra and bladder neck wound specimens were harvested at 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after operation, respectively. The histopathologic characteristics were observed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining, and the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and casein kinase-2 interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) were examined by immunohistochemistry in prostatic urethra and bladder neck wound, respectively. Overexpressed CKIP-1 human prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1 cells) were established and the expression of TGF-β1 was detected by Western blotting. Furthermore, a non-contact co-culture system of BPH-1 cells and human fibroblast (HFF-1) cells was used to observe the effects of BPH-1 cell and their high CKIP-1 levels on the expression of TGF-β1 in HFF-1 in vitro. Results The histology showed that there were a large number of prostatic epithelium and a small amount of scar tissue in prostatic urethra wound, while no epithelial cells and more scar tissue in bladder neck wound at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after repair. There were a higher expression level of TGF-β1 in prostate epithelial cells and fibroblasts and a lower expression level of CKIP-1 in prostate epithelial cells at 3 weeks after surgery in prostatic urethral wound. Compared to week 3, the TGF-β1 expression decreased both in prostate epithelial cells and fibroblasts at 4, 8 and 12 weeks in prostatic urethral wound (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The CKIP-1 expression increased in prostate epithelial cells at 4, 8 and 12 weeks compared to 3 weeks in prostatic urethra wound (p < 0.01). A higher TGF-β1 expression level of fibroblasts was observed in bladder neck wound at 3 weeks. And there was no significant change in the expression of TGF-β1 of fibroblasts in 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after operation in bladder neck wound. Both the prostate urethra and bladder neck wound fibroblasts showed weak expression of CKIP-1 and there was no significant change in 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The vitro experiments showed that the TGF-β1 expression in BPH-1 cells with CKIP-1 overexpression decreased 25% compared with control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β1 in HFF-1 cells of co-cultured group decreased by 20% compared with Control group (p < 0.05); the expression of TGF-β1 in HFF-1 cells of overexpression co-culture group were reduced by 15% compared with co-cultured group (p < 0.01). Conclusions A large number of prostate epithelial cells in prostatic urethra wound may be one of the causes of less formation of scar tissue after repair. The prostate epithelial cells might reduce expression level of TGF-β1 by raising CKIP-1 expression and inhibit expression of TGF-β1 in peripheral fibroblasts at remodeling stage to reduce the excessive proliferation of fibrous cells and the excessive scar formation.

scholarly journals Smoking, alcohol consumption and oral cancer among healthcare academics

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Daniely Silveira SANTOS ◽  
Roberta Alves Rosa dos REIS ◽  
Letícia Antunes ATHAYDE ◽  
Daniel Antunes FREITAS ◽  
Árlen Almeida Duarte de SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Cell Alterations ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate if dental students with the habit of smoking exhibit alterations in the epithelial cells of the cheek mucosa on the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) or in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (NA/CA), when compared to non-smokers. Methods This is a descriptive, experimental study using a control group. The sample comprised 40 dental undergraduates (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers). Individuals who smoked at least 5 or 6 cigarettes a day were deemed to be smokers, while non-smokers were those who reported having no experience of any form of smoking. The samples of epithelial cells were obtained from the oral mucosa using the liquid-based exfoliative cytology technique. The slides were processed in the laboratory, stained using the Papanicolau technique and were analyzed via an image analysis system (analySIS getIT). A structured questionnaire was applied with the aim of measuring independent variables related to personal characteristics, health and lifestyle behavior. Results The values obtained in the group of smokers were as follows: NA (169.4 µm² ± 17.0), CA (1240.1 µm² ± 128.9) and NA/CA ratio (0.1375 ± 0.01743). The results did not evidence significant differences when compared to the control group: NA (170.7 µm² ± 20.0), CA (1255.3 µm² ± 174.5) and NA/CA (0.1380 ± 0.01436). Conclusion It was not possible to observe significant cell alterations in the NA, CA or the NA/CA ratio of epithelial cells of the oral mucosa. Other risk factors associated with tobacco should be studied, principally the length of exposure to the properties of the causative agent.

IMPREGNATION OF ORAL MUCOSA OVER IMPACTED TEETH BY SUBPOPULATIONS OF MACROPHAGES M1 AND M2

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1451-1456
Author(s):  
Pavlo I. Tkachenko ◽  
Maryna І. Dmytrenko ◽  
Mykola О. Cholovskyi ◽  
Lidiia D. Korovina ◽  
Tetiana V. Mamontova
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
M2 Macrophages ◽  
Impacted Teeth ◽  
Cd 68 ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

The aim: Of the study is to research quantitative parameters of mucous membrane macrophages populations M1 (CD68+) and M2 (CD163+) over vestibularly and palatally impacted teeth. Materials and methods: A group of 21 people aged from 10 to 16 years was formed to conduct the research. Clinical situation according to diagnostic criteria was identical in all the patients. The group was divided into two groups - control and experimental, which in their turn were fragmented into two subgroups. Immunohistochemical studies of mucosal biopsies were performed in accordance with the recommendations for selection. Results: Study of ratio of CD68+/CD163+ cells revealed imbalance in individuals with vestibularly impacted teeth due to higher infiltration density of CD163+ (p<0,05), compared to CD68+ of control group. In individuals with palatally impacted teeth, ratio of CD68+/CD163+ increased 3,6 times, as well as compared with control group, but due increased infiltration density of CD68+. Conclusions: In the epithelium of oral mucosa located over impacted teeth, both on vestibular and palatal surface, number of CD 68+ and CD163+ cells had no significant differences compared to control group. In biopsies of the lamina propria of mucosa over vestibularly impacted teeth, the ratio M1/M2=0,91±0,11 (p<0,05) decreases, with predominance of macrophages CD163+ subpopulation activity, and over palatally impacted teeth balance of M1/ M2 macrophages elevated (M1/M2= 2,10 ± 0,32, p<0,05), due to increased infiltration density of CD68+.

scholarly journals Detection of TGF-β1, HGF, IGF-1 and IGF-1R in Cleft Affected Mucosa of the Lip

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Elga Sidhom ◽  
Mara Pilmane
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Orofacial Clefts ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Moderate Number ◽  
Tissue Cells ◽  
Tgf Β1

Background: Orofacial clefts are one of the most common birth defects with multifactorial and only partly understood morphopathogenesis. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of TGF-β1, HGF, IGF-1 and IGF-1R in cleft affected mucosa of the lip. Methods: Lip mucosa tissue samples were obtained during surgical cleft correction from seven 2 to 6 months old children. Prepared tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for TGF-β1, HGF, IGF-1 and IGF-1R. The intensity of staining was graded semiquantitatively. Results: We found numerous TGF-β1 and HGF-containing epithelial and connective tissue cells, moderate number of IGF-1 immunoreactive cells and even less pronounced presence of IGF-1R-positive cells. Conclusion: TGF-β1 and HGF are present in defective epithelia and soft tissue in cleft affected lip. Expressions of IGF-1 and IGF-1R show significant differences, and both factors play a role in the morphopathogenesis of clefts.

scholarly journals The relationship of the level of β-defensin-1 in the saliva of patients with oral candidiasis after CoVID-19 infection

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
A. Pozharitskaya ◽  
I. Karpuk
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbiological Method ◽  
Objective Indicator ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Aim: to determine the level and clinical significance of β-defensin-1 in the saliva in patients with Candida stomatitis after a previous coronavirus infection. The object of the study was 67 patients with Candida stomatitis (of which 31 patients had a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus infection) and 23 patients of the control group without candidal stomatitis. Research methods: taking smears from the oral mucosa to confirm the diagnosis with a microbiological method, ELISA to assess the level of β-defensin 1 in the saliva. Аccording to the results of the study, in the group of patients with oral candidiasis (ОС) after COVID-19 (n=31), the most frequent was the chronic hyperplastic form of candidiasis (64,5%), in terms of localization – Candida glossitis (77,4%, p<0,05). It was found that the primary ОС in the group of patients after COVID-19 (n=31) was 74,2% of cases (p<0,05), and in the group of patients with ОС without a history of COVID-19 (n=36) this indicator amounted to 41,7%. Moreover, in patients in the group with ОС after COVID-19, the level of β-defensin-1 strongly positively correlated with the incidence of primary episodes of ОС (RSpearman=0,76, p<0,001). It was also found that the lowest β-defensin-1 level in saliva was in patients with ОС after COVID-19 (2,1±0,8 ng/ml, p<0,001). It was significantly lower (p<0,001) than in the group of patients with ОС and the control group. It was found that in patients with ОС after COVID-19, the level of β-defensin-1 in the saliva was negatively correlated with the duration of the COVID-19 (RSpearman=- 0,78, p<0,001), which can be interpreted as an objective indicator of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on epithelial cells of the oral mucosa.

scholarly journals Study on the immunogenicity of pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT recombinant vector against Helicobacter pylori in BALB/c mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Armita Balash ◽  
Abbas Doosti
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Tgf Β1

Background and aims: The role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of gastric ulcer and gastrointestinal cancer was identified in this study. More precisely, the study focused on the creation of a DNA vaccine based on the cagT gene of this bacterium and the investigation of its immunogenicity against H. pylori in infused BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: To this end, the pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT was prepared and transformed into Escherichia coli. Then, animals were injected with recombinant pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT plasmid, pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT + nanoparticles, and pcDNA3.1(+). After the plasmid purification and confirmation of the transformation by digestion and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using the ionic gelation method. Next, the animals were classified into three groups each including 21 mice. The injectable solutions including pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT, pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT + nanoparticles, or empty pCDNA3.1 (as a control group) were injected into the quadriceps muscle of mice, separately. Finally, the blood and tissue samples of each mouse were collected 15, 30, and 45 days after the last injection, and the expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: The IFNγ and TGF-β1 expression increased in the infused mice (P<0.01) while the IL4 expression represented a significant decrease (P<0.01). Moreover, the IFNγ and IL4 expression level in pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT + nanoparticle significantly altered (P<0.01) compared to the pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT group although the TGF-β1 expression was not significantly different (P=0.075). Contrarily, the cagT gene expression in the tissue samples of both groups was significantly different 15, 30, and 45 days after the last injection (P<0.01). Eventually, the expression of the cagT gene in the infused mice by pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT and in the nanoparticle group was not significantly different 45 days after the last injection (P=0.105). Conclusion: In general, the decrease of IL-4 expression was observed in the injected mice by pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT and indicated that the immune system work by a Th1 pattern. The findings showed that a pcDNA3.1(+)-cagT construct combined with chitosan nanoparticles can increase the stimulation of the immune system in an animal model and thus it can be used as an appropriate method for controlling H. pylori infection.

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