scholarly journals The Meaning of Eagles in the Baltic Region. A Case Study from the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Klaipėda, Lithuania (13th–14th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Freydis Ehrlich ◽  
Giedrė Piličiauskienė ◽  
Miglė Urbonaitė-Ubė ◽  
Eve Rannamäe
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Great Cormorant ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Phalacrocorax Carbo ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Grey Partridge ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Middle Ages

 In this paper, we examine archaeological bird remains from Klaipėda Castle (Ger. Memel), western Lithuania. The castle was built in 1252, and during the Middle Ages, it was the northernmost castle of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The castle together with its adjacent town were subjected to wars and changing political situations over the centuries, but nevertheless represented a socially higher status. The studied bird remains were found during the excavations in 2016 and have been dated by context to the Middle Ages – from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century. Our aim is to introduce and discuss the bird remains with an emphasis on two species – the white-tailed sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Most of all, we are interested in their role in expressing people’s social status, use in material culture, and significance as a food source. Our analysis showed that in Klaipėda, the eagles were probably used for raw material and possibly for feathers, but not for hawking and food. Alternatively, they could have been killed for scavenging. Other species identified in the assemblage such as chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), geese (Anser sp.), ducks (Anatinae), and great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were mainly interpreted as food waste. This article presents the first concentrated study on bird remains from Klaipėda and is one of the first discussions about the meaning of eagles in the Baltic region.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in the eastern Baltic region

Biologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalius Butkauskas ◽  
Kristina Chaika ◽  
Saulius Švažas ◽  
Gennady Grishanov ◽  
Algimantas Paulauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Great Cormorant ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Phalacrocorax Carbo ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Continental Part ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
Great Cormorants ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Eastern Baltic

A rapid expansion of the continental subspecies of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) has been recorded in Europe since the 1980s. Evaluation of genetic variability of the  Great Cormorant using molecular markers is necessary for investigation of the mechanisms of formation of the newly established breeding populations in the  eastern Baltic region (in the Kaliningrad region of Russia and in Lithuania). The  samples for molecular investigation were collected in the largest breeding colonies of Great Cormorants located on the coast of the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea and in their smaller, later formed breeding colonies located in the continental part of Lithuania. After sequencing and alignment of partial fragments of mtDNA control region, 21 different haplotypes, including 8 new haplotypes never identified before, and 13 haplotypes described earlier were found. They were distributed with different frequency in different sampling sites. The haplotype network constructed using 342 bp D-loop sequences identified during the  current study and all available sequences of Great Cormorants deposited in GenBank by previous investigators revealed haplotypes attributed to subspecies P. c. sinensis being distinguished from haplotypes of subspecies P. c. carbo in the separate part of haplotype network. The newly described haplotypes did not form a phylogenetically uniform group indicating possible colonization of the Kaliningrad region and the continental part of Lithuania by individuals descending from the  largest breeding colonies spread at the  coast zone of the  Baltic Sea. A  high level of genetic population diversity in different breeding colonies recorded in the Kaliningrad region and in eastern Lithuania confirms the formation of a highly variable and well-adapted population of the Great Cormorant participating in the process of colonization of new breeding areas in the Baltic region.

ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Goncharov ◽  
◽  
S. E. Malykh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Ancient Rock ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.

Marine and terrestrial investigations in the Norse Eastern Settlement, South Greenland

2001 ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naja Mikkelsen ◽  
Antoon Kuijpers ◽  
Susanne Lassen ◽  
Jesper Vedel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Original Series ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Middle Ages

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Mikkelsen, N., Kuijpers, A., Lassen, S., & Vedel, J. (2001). Marine and terrestrial investigations in the Norse Eastern Settlement, South Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 189, 65-69. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v189.5159 _______________ During the Middle Ages the Norse settlements in Greenland were the most northerly outpost of European Christianity and civilisation in the Northern Hemisphere. The climate was relatively stable and mild around A.D. 985 when Eric the Red founded the Eastern Settlement in the fjords of South Greenland. The Norse lived in Greenland for almost 500 years, but disappeared in the 14th century. Letters in Iceland report on a Norse marriage in A.D. 1408 in Hvalsey church of the Eastern Settlement, but after this account all written sources remain silent. Although there have been numerous studies and much speculation, the fate of the Norse settlements in Greenland remains an essentially unsolved question.

The Cult of St Edmund, King and Martyr in Medieval Ireland

2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Young
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
Medieval Ireland ◽  
The Middle Ages

St Edmund, king and martyr (an Anglo-Saxon king martyred by the Vikings in 869) was one of the most venerated English saints in Ireland from the 12th century. In Dublin, St Edmund had his own chapel in Christ Church Cathedral and a guild, while Athassel Priory in County Tipperary claimed to possess a miraculous image of the saint. In the late 14th century the coat of arms ascribed to St Edmund became the emblem of the king of England’s lordship of Ireland, and the name Edmund (or its Irish equivalent Éamon) was widespread in the country by the end of the Middle Ages. This article argues that the cult of St Edmund, the traditional patron saint of the English people, served to reassure the English of Ireland of their Englishness, and challenges the idea that St Edmund was introduced to Ireland as a heavenly patron of the Anglo-Norman conquest.

scholarly journals The Danse Macabre of the Beram Frescoes in the Chapel of sv. Marija na Škrilinah

2018 ◽  
Vol 73. (3) ◽  
pp. 409-410
Author(s):  
Mirela Lenković
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Legenda Aurea ◽  
Artistic Heritage ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Danse Macabre as an iconographic theme appears in the Middle Ages across all of Europe carrying within it a message of the equality among people regardless of their station in life. Medieval artists used the various templates available to them: Biblia pauperum, Meditationes Vitae Christi, Legenda aurea, artistic templates, woodcuts, illuminated manuscripts, and the like. Scenes of the dying and death of ordinary people were not a theme of iconographic content prior to the Late Middle Ages, but rather begin to appear in the 14th century. There emerge at that time several categories of iconographic deaths. The Danse Macabre of the Beram frescoes (in the Chapel of sv. Marija na Škrilinah, 1474) contributes immeasurably to the artistic heritage of the Middle Ages as well as to Croatian cultural heritage.

scholarly journals Mobility, mortality, and the middle ages: Identification of migrant individuals in a 14th century black death cemetery population

2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Kendall ◽  
J. Montgomery ◽  
J.A. Evans ◽  
C. Stantis ◽  
V. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Black Death ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Canonists and the Mediaeval State

1953 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The Middle Ages

Maitland once observed that, in the Middle Ages, “Law was the point where life and logic met.” This aphorism of the master must serve as my apology for including in one essay two topics so diverse, according to some opinions, as abstract political theory and concrete constitutional problems. It may be that the mediaeval jurists can provide a link between the two spheres, for their reflections on mediaeval government were not mere philosophical abstractions. They were rooted in real life. An essential ingredient of the jurists' raw material was a practical experience of the workings of mediaeval society. It is not surprising, therefore, that eminent historians on both sides of the Atlantic have called attention to the need for legal studies as a basis for further advance in mediaeval constitutional research, and that, in recent years, we have heard a great deal about the importance of feudal law and folk law, of Roman law and English common law in the formation of mediaeval ideas and institutions. My task will be to state briefly the case for the canonists.

scholarly journals WOOD SPECIES AND THE QUESTION OF ORIGIN: REASSESSING THE SCULPTURE PRODUCTION IN THE DIOCESE OF TURKU (ÅBO) DURING THE 14TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 75-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Vuola
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
The Middle Ages

This paper deals with choices of wood species in the 14th centurypolychrome sculptures in the diocese of Turku (Åbo), Finland, theeasternmost part of the Swedish Realm in the Middle Ages. The aim ofthe article is to draw an overall picture of the wood use in sculptureand discuss the emergence of the local workshops in the diocese.This is done by presenting new wood definitions and by taking theseinto account the when analysing the sculptures’ style and form.The emphasis on the research is on sculptures previously definedas carved from birch and which thus are determined as Finnish orNordic of their origin. The methods for defining the wood specieshave been ocular observation and microscopy analysis. The choiceof wood is approached from the perspective of the wood speciesavailability in the area and suitability for carving. The results of theinvestigation indicate that in addition to oak, and instead of birch,particularly alder (Alnus) was used in the locally manufactured sacralsculptures, and in some cases using oak sculptures as models. Alderwas possibly favored due to its good availability and inexpensivenessas well as workability. It can, however not be ruled out, that sculpturesof alder may have been imported to the bishopric as well.

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