scholarly journals Evaluation of the European Union’s Policy of Cryptocurrencies‘ Regulation

Author(s):  
Ieva Turskytė ◽  
Alfreda Šapkauskienė

In 2008, a global financial crisis happened. It led to strong currency price volatility. Because of that, discussions on the need for an alternative, institution-independent currency occurred. Due to this reason the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin was created. The new and not yet explored concept of cryptocurrency changed the previously strictly defined role of money. Currently, with the growth of the cryptocurrency market, the most important regional institutions (e.g. FED, EBA) provide regulatory guidelines of a recommendatory nature. The regulations of these institutions remain significant, reflecting the dominant approach to digital money. Because of this reason, the aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the difficulties in the legalization process of cryptocurrencies and to investigate the features of the European Union's cryptocurrency regulatory policy. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature and legal documents, systematization, comparison, interpretation and generalization of information. The results of the study show that the European Union has taken active regulatory action with the growing importance of cryptocurrencies in the world. To date, a document regulating the definition of cryptocurrencies has not yet been adopted at Union level, but the adoption of the cryptocurrency regulation proposal presented in 2020 would mean greater clarity and security for cryptocurrency issuers, intermediaries and users.

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Horobet ◽  
Lucian Belascu ◽  
Ștefania Curea ◽  
Alma Pentescu

Our study addresses the link between ownership concentration and corporate performance in the manufacturing sector in the European Union in an economic environment stressed by the global financial and sovereign debt crises. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to tackle differences between companies with different origin-countries in EU from the perspective of ownership concentration and corporate performance in a period marked by the adverse impact of the global financial crisis. Ownership concentration is measured by the number of shareholders and the percentage of their individual and collective holdings, while performance is measured by accounting-based and market-based indicators. Our results, based on a detailed and methodical statistical analysis, show a clear division between Western and Eastern companies in terms of ownership concentration and performance, with an impact on businesses’ recovery patterns. Overall, there is a positive link between ownership concentration and corporate performance in the case of Western companies, but not for Eastern-based companies. Moreover, ownership concentration has supported business recovery in EU, but particularly for Western companies. On the other hand, our results suggest that market investors’ assessment of corporate performance is disconnected from business fundamentals and do not acknowledge the role of ownership concentration (either beneficial of detrimental) for performance assessment.


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
Ghazala Begum Essop

The role of regional economic communities in the development of trade in Africa is widely recognised. Currently, intra-African trade stands at 10 per cent. This is in sharp contrast to other developing regions of the world. In Asia and Latin America, the levels of intra-trade are 50 and 26 per cent, respectively. There are a number of reasons accounting for the low level of intra-African trade, including the weak mandate given to regional economic communities to monitor and enforce the commitments assumed by countries under regional trade agreements. The lack of integration has negatively impacted on African countries and affected their ability to attract foreign direct investment commensurate with their development needs. Had African countries been less exposed to external markets, they would have been minimally affected by the global financial crisis. The importance of boosting intra-African trade was highlighted by Africa’s Heads of State and Government when they devoted this year’s summit to this theme. In the run-up to the summit, the African Union Commission released a study that underscored the importance of regional economic communities in the process of economic integration in Africa. Currently, SADC member states are in the process of implementing the SADC Trade Protocol, which would create a fully-fledged free trade area and later a customs union, and at the same time engaged in tripartite negotiations aimed at merging the three (SADC, COMESA and the EAC) regional configurations. They are also engaged in the EPA negotiations with the European Union, which would create a free trade area and also the Doha negotiations under the auspices of the WTO. The main objective of this article is to estimate SADC countries’ bilateral trade potential, which may result in the improvements in trade facilitation.


Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Pueyo-Ros

The Ecosystem Services Framework (ESF) is a powerful tool for understanding the relationship between nature and society, and tourism is an important expression of this. However, the scientific literature focusing on the relationship between tourism and the ESF is limited. Hence, there is a need to bring the tourism research community and the ESF together, not only as a cultural service but as an economic sector that consumes natural resources. This paper aims to do this by analyzing discourse on tourism in institutional reports produced by the ESF. Additionally, how the tourism research community has approached the ESF is analyzed by reviewing the literature that has used it and literature addressing nature-based tourism. The results suggest a “schizophrenic” approach to tourism, which is defined as either a cultural ES (nonmaterial) or as a nature-based industry (consumptive). Moreover, a disconnect has been found between tourism research and the ESF. The tourism research community may not feel comfortable with the inaccurate definition of tourism in the ESF and may prefer to use freer terms. However, the aforementioned community should integrate the ESF within their studies on natural resources. At the same time, the ESF should be more accurate in using tourism-related concepts.


2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Željka Primorac

In this paper the author is making an elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection of the EU's external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue (Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes with the analysis of the air carriers' obligations to pay financial sanctions (fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Heike Duda ◽  
Janina Hesse ◽  
Birgit Haschberger ◽  
Anneliese Hilger ◽  
Christine Keipert

Hemophilia is a rare heredity bleeding disorder that requires treatment for life. While few therapeutic options were available in the past, multiple recent breakthroughs have fundamentally altered and diversified hemophilia therapy, with even more new therapeutic options forthcoming. These changes are mirrored by significant regulatory and legal changes, which have redefined the role of hemophilia registries in the European Union (EU). This dual paradigm shift poses new regulatory, scientific but also structural requirements for hemophilia registries. The aim of this manuscript is to enumerate these significant challenges and to demonstrate their incorporation into the redesign of the German Hemophilia Registry (Deutsches Hämophilieregister, dhr). To identify the spectrum of hemophilia therapies and the degree of regulatory changes, a horizon screening was performed. Consequently, a core dataset for the dhr was defined by harmonization with regulatory guidelines as well as other hemophilia registries and by heeding the needs of different stakeholders (patients, clinicians, regulators, and scientists). Based on this information, a new registry structure was established, which is optimized for capturing data on new and established hemophilia therapies in a changing therapeutic and regulatory landscape


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Igor V. Bukhtiyarov ◽  
Eduard I. Denisov

The paper presents a review and essays on the hygienic aspects of the problem of robotics. The absence of generally accepted international terminology is noted. There is given a definition of basic terms as a robot, an artificial intelligence system (AIS), and a cyber-physical system (CFS) - according to authoritative sources. In the literature, the term robot is often used to mean CFS. The origin of robots in Russia is briefly described. The role of AIS as the basis of a technological breakthrough is considered. There is represented statistical data on the scientific, economic, and social aspects of the introduction of robotics. Robots are believed to be more likely to replace tasks rather than jobs and create new types of them. The medical and social aspects of robotization based on the experience of the European Union, the USA, and South Korea are examined, and the prospects of creating "smart jobs" are emphasized. The types of robots and their application in industry and medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are described. It is emphasized that robots are the most advanced machines. The dangers created by robots, their causes, and possible consequences from physical (noise, vibration), chemical, electrical, ergonomic, and other perils are described. The presence of both "traditional" and new risk factors is noted. The systematics of the stages of human-robot interaction is proposed: ethical aspects in the design, communication psychology, contacts with the machine during its use and safety aspects, human physiological responses, possible clinical manifestations of health disorders. The safety principles of robots and CFS are formulated, and that the "smarter" the robots, the greater the risks of program failures and breakdowns are noted. The role of information hygiene and the need for training and health education of workers and the population are examined. Estimates are given of the prospects for the robotization of the profession. The occupation of hygienists in the era of digitalization and robotization is noted to have a future.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-166
Author(s):  
Melinda Perecsényi

In our globalised world the phenomenon of Babylonian confusion can be observed in relation to the concept of sovereignty, and the boundaries of national, European, and international law are becoming increasingly blurred. In the following, I will seek an answer to the question how the term of sovereignty is rewritten, and the scope of its interpretation expanded in our globalised and Europeanised surroundings. In this context, I will present firstly some major international and Hungarian approaches to the definition of sovereignty in modern times. Secondly, I will examine how the sovereignty of the Member States has developed in the European Union, highlighting to what extent can we talk about a sovereign energy policy of the Member States in the light of shared competences adopted in the field of energy policy. Thirdly, I will scrutinise how EU energy policy can change in the near future, and what kind of a role Member States can play in this process. As there is still no universally accepted definition of sovereignty, the role of science is essential in the conceptualisation of the term. The Treaty of Lisbon has brought a supranational turn also in the field of energy, but Member States still have a relatively wide leeway to create their own regulatory framework that takes into account their national and regional characteristics. Environmental considerations in recent years have led to the initiation of a single energy market and the creation of the European energy union that is expected to become more intense in the near future. Therefore, it is crucial for Member States, both at a national and a regional level, to be actively involved in the establishment and formulation of community law in order to be able to represent their interest effectively.


2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (300) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
William Saad Hossne ◽  
Leo Pessini

Síntese: O prolongamento sofrido do processo do morrer, que mais acrescenta sofrimento e prorroga morte, é uma das questões bioéticas mais complexas e debatidas hoje, no contexto de cuidados de final de vida. A complexidade inicia-se na própria definição semântica desta problemática bioética. Nossa busca é marcada pela “angústia criativa” (não a patológica que nos paralisa frente à vida) que busca identificar vários termos e neologismos para nomear e definir a questão bioética: distanásia, medicina/e/ou tratamento fútil e inútil, e para definir aquela ação diagnóstica e terapêutica médica que já não mais beneficia o paciente em sua fase final de vida. Para o equacionamento da problemática bioética buscamos luzes na literatura científica médica e bioética internacional, bem como na tradição da ética médica brasileira, em sua versão codificada. Embora um determinado tratamento possa ser fútil e, portanto, inútil, o cuidado nunca será fútil e inútil. No coração de toda ação de cuidar deve estar presente a “philia” (amor, amizade). Podemos, sim, ser curados de uma doença mortal, mas não de nossa mortalidade e finitude. Nossa condição de existir não é uma patologia. Quando esquecemos isto, caímos na tecnolatria, e os instrumentos de cura e cuidado facilmente se transformam em ferramentas de tortura. O presente artigo procura apresentar uma metodologia de como lidar com estas situações eticamente conflitivas, ao aprofundar alguns conceitos éticos fundamentais, tais como: processo de deliberação, decisão e responsabilidade médica e o papel de comissões de bioética. A busca do adequado equacionamento ajuda-os na trajetória que vai da angústia à serenidade.Palavras-chave: Bioética. Distanásia. Tratamento fútil. Cuidado. Philia.Abstract: The painful extension of the dying process, which brings more suffering and delays death, is one of the most complex bioethical issues discussed today in the context of end of life care. The complexity begins in the very semantic definition of this bioethical problem. Our quest is marked by a “creative anguish” (not by the pathological one that paralyzes us in the face of life) that seeks to identify various terms and neologisms, in order to give a name to and define the bioethical issue: dysthanasia, futile and useless medicine and/or treatment; and also in order to define that diagnostic action and medical therapy that no longer benefits the patient in his/her final stage of life. For the equating of this bioethical problem, we look for some light in the medical scientific literature and in international bioethics, as well as in the tradition of the brazilian medical ethics in its codified version. Although a particular treatment can be futile and therefore useless, care will never be futile and useless. At the heart of every act of caring “philia” (love, friendship) must be present. Yes, we may be cured of a deadly disease, but not of our mortality and finitude. The condition of existing is not a pathology. When we forget this, we fall into the technolatry, and the instruments of healing and care easily turn into instruments of torture. This article attempts to present a methodology for dealing with these ethically conflictive situations, as it deals with some basic ethical concepts such as deliberation, decision and medical liability and the role of bioethical committees. The search for the appropriate equation helps us in the path that goes from anguish to serenity.Keywords: Bioethics. Dysthanasia. Futile treatment. Care. Philia.


Author(s):  
Ana E. Juncos ◽  
Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

This chapter examines the implications of enlargement for the shape and definition of Europe in general and for the institutional set-up and the major policies of the European Union in particular. It first provides a historical background on EU enlargement before discussing the enlargement process itself, with a focus on the use of conditionality and the role of the main actors involved. It then considers the contributions of neo-functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and social constructivism to explaining the EU's geographical expansion. It also evaluates the success and prospect of future enlargement in the context of wider EU developments, especially the effect of the financial crisis in the euro area, ‘enlargement fatigue’, the domestic context in the candidate countries, and evolving relations with Russia.


Author(s):  
Tommaso Begio

This chapter deals with the role of legal epigraphy within the study of Roman law and Roman society. After an introductory definition of this discipline, in which some of its peculiarities are stressed, it follows a brief description of the different types of epigraphic legal documents, to finish then with a florilegium of this kind of documents. The aim of the work is to stress, through the analysis of a few sources (but not only through well-known sources), the essential contribution, that inscriptions offer us to gain a more complete and more nuanced view of the system of Roman law in all its complexity.


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