scholarly journals Electronic Monitoring in Europe – a Panacea for Reforming Criminal Sanctions Systems? A Critical Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 58-77
Author(s):  
Frieder Dünkel

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] First experiments with electronic monitoring emerged in Europe in the early 1990s. Within 15 years, the majority of countries in Europe reported having introduced electronic monitoring at least as pilot projects. The amazing dynamic rise of electronic monitoring in Europe may be explained by the commercial interests that become evident when looking at the activities of private companies selling the technique. Although electronic monitoring seems to have expanded in many countries, one has to realize its marginal role within the European sanctions systems compared to other sentencing or release options. On average, only about 3% of all probationary supervised persons were under electronic monitoring at the end of 2013. This article deals with questions regarding the impact of electronic monitoring on prison population rates and reduced reoffending, with net-widening effects and costs, essential rehabilitative support, human rights-based perspectives and the general (non)sense of electronic monitoring.

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Pereira Xavier ◽  
Ana Paula Ferreira Felizardo ◽  
Fábio Wellington Ataíde Alves

This paper discusses the electronic monitoring (EM) of indicted and convicted citizens in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We start by discussing how EM was implemented in the country and describing its close link with the technology company Spacecom. We argue that the use of EM to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in the Brazilian prison system intensifies the continuation of an uninterrupted mechanism of social control that is sustained by systemic racism in Brazil through a growing link between the State and technology companies. Mapping the changes that EM imposes on criminal legal practices, reflecting on data access and management carried out by private companies, and analyzing the acceleration of this process during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil are topics addressed herein.


2018 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Mantas Martišius

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The 21st century is often called the age of information, and the society of this age is often dubbed the society of information and news. Meanwhile, a rapid and efficient transmission of news and the prioritization of this process have become relevant at least already back in the 90s. Information volumes consumed by the society have been growing by the day. Progress in technologies and communication have eliminated time and space barriers. The aim of this article is to answer how and when linear television is going to move online and especially to mobile networks. This aim is broken down into the objective of analyzing issues pertaining to the definition of television, the overview of the impact of media convergence on television, the analysis of the issues related to the definition of television and internet television, and the analysis of prospects for linear versus internet television. The article may be relevant for media experts and analysts, media regulators, users, and the creators of internet television content.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeni Lutfiyah ◽  
Agus Rianto ◽  
M. Rasyid Ridlo

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This research investigates the reality of marriage laws in Indonesia, especially related to nikah siri or unregistered marriage.The study used a gender perspective and human rights, in particular the rules contained in the Act No. 1 of 1974 and the Compilation of Islamic Law. It is based on the assumption that the number of rules indicates gender bias and poor protective of humanity   and justicevalues. Even so this study will measure the chances of the Preliminary Draft of Material Law of Islamic Court/Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materiil Peradilan Agama (RUUHMPA) as a model of reformulation Indonesian marriage law to accommodate and be a legal solution for the types of gender inequality and human rights, especially with regard to the prevention of lameness and imbalance values  of justice and humanity. This type of research is classified in the normative legal research for reviewing the articles of a rule of positive law by using normative methodological approach, which analyzes the legal formulations and alignment between the article and is mainly used to analyze the validity of the conceptual formulation of the law before the benchmarks used assessment gender and human rights in the realm of social science studies. This study concluded that in the articles of the Act.No. 1 1974 and Compilation of Islamic Law there are still many weaknesses, especially with regard to gender issues and human rights, which include the impact on the rampant cases of unregistered marriage or nikah siri which is one form of harassment against the institution of marriage, it is also due to the lack of provision of criminal sanctions in this legislation. While the Draft of Material Islamic Courts (RUU HMPA) is a model that is offered and expected as breaking the deadlock the relationship between religion and culture. In particular to provide protection for women and children are quite vulnerable to acts of discrimination. Nevertheless the draft still needs to be examined and refined to be more able to give justice to every citizen of Indonesia.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Reformulation, Marriage, Gender, Human Rights.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini berusaha melihat realitas peraturan tentang perkawinan di Indonesia   terutama yang berkaitan dengan perkawinan siri atau perkawinan bawah tangan.Kajian ini menggunakan perspektif gender dan Hak Asasi Manusia, khususnya peraturan yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Hal ini didasarkan pada asumsi banyaknya peraturan yang bias gender dan kurang melindungi nilai kemanusiaan dan keadilan. Demikan juga penelitian ini akan mengukur peluang Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materiil Pengadilan Agama (RUU HMPA) sebagai model reformulasi hukum perkawinan Indonesia dalam mengakomodir dan menjadi solusi hukum atas bentuk- bentuk ketidak setaraan gender dan  Hak Asasi Manusia terutama berkaitan dengan pencegahan dari ketimpangan nilai-nilai keadilan dan kemanusiaan.Jenis Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian hukum normatif karena mengkaji pasal-pasal sebuah aturan hukum positif dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif metodologis, yaitu menganalisis rumusan-rumusan hukum dan keselarasan antarpasal dan terutama digunakan untuk menganalisis validitas konseptual rumusan hukum tersebut di hadapan tolok ukur yang digunakan kajian gender dan HAM yang masuk dalam ranah kajian ilmu sosial. Dari penelitian inidisimpulkan bahwa di dalam pasal-pasal UU. No. 1 tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi hukum Islam masih terdapat banyak kelemahan terutama yang berkaitan dengan isu Gender dan HAM, yang diantaranya berdampak pada maraknya kasus perkawinan siri atau perkawinan bawah tangan yang merupakan salah satu bentuk pelecehan terhadap lembaga perkawinan, hal ini juga dikarenakan belum adanya ketentuan sanksi pidanadalam perundang-undangan ini.Sedangkan Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materii Peradilan Agama (RUU HMPA) merupakan model yang ditawarkan dan diharapkan sebagai pemecah kebuntuan hubungan antara agama dan kebudayaan.Khususnya untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi perempuan dan anak yang cukup rentan terhadap tindak diskriminasi.Meski demikian Rancangan Undang- Undang ini masih perlu dicermati dan di sempurnakan supaya lebih dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia.</p></div><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Reformulasi, Perkawinan, Gender, Hak Asasi Manusia.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frieder Dünkel

The German criminal sanctions system has witnessed major law reforms in the last 50 years in expanding fines (which have replaced short-term imprisonment) and introducing suspended sentences either with or without the supervision of the Probation Service. The reforms of the 1960s–1980s have been a success and (in combination with the expansion of diversion schemes for minor crimes) have contributed to achieving one of the lowest prison population rates in Europe. However, further reforms are necessary – in particular, with regard to the large number of people serving a prison sentence for defaulting on fines. Germany has, for good reason, restricted electronic monitoring to the very few cases of dangerous offenders (convicted for violent or sexual crimes) who have had to be released after having served their sentence in full or have been released from psychiatric institutions or after other preventive deprivation of liberty.


2015 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeni Lutfiyah , ◽  
Agus Rianto , ◽  
Rasyid Ridlo ,

<div class="Section1"><h4>Abstract</h4> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><em>This research investigates the reality of marriage laws in Indonesia, especially related to nikah siri or unregistered marriage.The study used a gender perspective and human rights, in particular the rules contained in the Act No. 1 of 1974 and the Compilation of Islamic Law. It is based on the assumption that the number of rules indicates gender bias and poor protective of humanity and justicevalues. Even so this study will measure the chances of the Preliminary Draft of Material Law of Islamic Court/Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materiil Peradilan Agama (RUUHMPA) as a model of reformulation Indonesian marriage law to accommodate and be a legal solution for the types of gender inequality and human rights, especially with regard to the prevention of lameness and imbalance values of justice and humanity. This type of research is classified in the normative legal research for reviewing the articles of a rule of positive law by using normative methodological approach, which analyzes the legal formulations and alignment between the article and is mainly used to analyze the validity of the conceptual formulation of the law before the benchmarks used assessment gender and human rights in the realm of social science studies. This study concluded that in the articles of the Act.No. 1 1974 and Compilation of Islamic Law there are still many weaknesses, especially with regard to gender issues and human rights, which include the impact on the rampant cases of unregistered marriage or nikah siri which is one form of harassment against the institution of marriage, it is also due to the lack of provision of criminal sanctions in this legislation. While the Draft of Material Islamic Courts (RUU HMPA) is a model that is offered and expected as breaking the deadlock the relationship between religion and culture. In particular to provide protection for women and children are quite vulnerable to acts of discrimination. Nevertheless the draft still needs to be examined and refined to be more able to give justice to every citizen of Indonesia.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Reformulation, Marriage, Gender, Human Rights.</em><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <h3>Abstrak</h3> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Penelitian ini berusaha melihat realitas peraturan tentang perkawinan di Indonesia terutama yang berkaitan dengan perkawinan siri atau perkawinan bawah tangan.Kajian ini menggunakan perspektif gender dan Hak Asasi Manusia, khususnya peraturan yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Hal ini didasarkan pada asumsi banyaknya peraturan yang bias gender dan kurang melindungi nilai kemanusiaan dan keadilan. Demikan juga penelitian ini akan mengukur peluang Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materiil Pengadilan Agama (RUU HMPA) sebagai model reformulasi hukum perkawinan Indonesia dalam mengakomodir dan menjadi solusi hukum atas bentuk- bentuk ketidak setaraan gender dan Hak Asasi Manusia terutama berkaitan dengan pencegahan dari ketimpangan nilai-nilai keadilan dan kemanusiaan.Jenis Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian hukum normatif karena mengkaji pasal-pasal sebuah aturan hukum positif dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif metodologis, yaitu menganalisis rumusan-rumusan hukum dan keselarasan antarpasal dan terutama digunakan untuk menganalisis validitas konseptual rumusan hukum tersebut di hadapan tolok ukur yang digunakan kajian gender dan HAM yang masuk dalam ranah kajian ilmu sosial. Dari penelitian inidisimpulkan bahwa di dalam pasal-pasal UU. No. 1 tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi hukum Islam masih terdapat banyak kelemahan terutama yang berkaitan dengan isu Gender dan HAM, yang diantaranya berdampak pada maraknya kasus perkawinan siri atau perkawinan bawah tangan yang merupakan salah satu bentuk pelecehan terhadap lembaga perkawinan, hal ini juga dikarenakan belum adanya ketentuan sanksi pidanadalam perundang-undangan ini.Sedangkan Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materii Peradilan Agama (RUU HMPA) merupakan model yang ditawarkan dan diharapkan sebagai pemecah kebuntuan hubungan antara agama dan kebudayaan.Khususnya untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi perempuan dan anak yang cukup rentan terhadap tindak diskriminasi.Meski demikian Rancangan Undang- Undang ini masih perlu dicermati dan di sempurnakan supaya lebih dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia.</p></div><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Reformulasi, Perkawinan, Gender, Hak Asasi Manusia.</p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Whelan

There is a trend within the EU Member States to introduce criminal sanctions for cartel activity. Such criminalisation must respect the human rights of the accused. Unfortunately the literature on cartel criminalisation pays scant regard to the investigation of human rights issues. A comprehensive analysis of the impact of the principle of legal certainty (Article 7 ECHR) upon cartel criminalisation in the EU Member States is conspicuously absent from the literature. This article rectifies this deficiency by examining how this particular principle of European human rights law may impact upon the concept, substance and existence of a criminal cartel offence.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document