Transformation of Central and Eastern European Countries from the Perspective of New Institutional Economics

Economic transformation in Central and Eastern European countries is a very complex process widely discussed in the literature on the subject. It has also become the subject of research and analyses of New Institutional Economics which pays attention to new aspects of transformation. From the NIE perspective, transformation is a long-lasting process of changes of formal institutions, especially property rights and contracts, and informal institutions, such as ethical standards, conventions, religious beliefs and mentality of society. The success of the transformation depends on the degree to which new formal rules correspond to informal rules existing in society. The assessment of the quality of Central and Eastern European countries leaves a lot to be desired; the highest level was achieved by the EU member states, whereas the republics of the former USSR are in the worst situation. The underlying causes of such diversified results of political transformations are disparate historical traditions connected with the market economy and unequal preparation of societies to exist both in the free market conditions and in the diversified political, social and economic situation.The improvement of governing quality is a priority in post-communist countries. Achieving a positive institutional effect requires much time and consistent actions, but from the time perspective it is crucial in order to enjoy economic success.

Why is the City Maps’ Content of Eastern and Central European Countries So Extensive?

Miscellanea Geographica ◽

10.2478/mgrsd-2010-0032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 331-339

Author(s):

Agata Ciołkosz-Styk ◽

Wiesław Ostrowski

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Free Market ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

Economic Stability ◽

Central European ◽

Communist Countries ◽

The City

Abstract Significant changes in the wealth, variety and level of graphic form of city maps are noticeable in recent years, particularly those from Central and Eastern European countries. This is a consequence of the political and economic transformation, resulting in the abolition of censorship and introduction of the free market. City maps published in Western Europe have evolved as well during the aforementioned period due to higher political and economic stability. The paper compares city maps content of 18 European countries and shows the influence of Soviet cartographic style on city maps image in post-communist countries.

Profit Shifting and the Tax Response of Multinational Banks in Eastern Europe

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201866030729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 729-736

Author(s):

Daniel Anarfi ◽

Danuše Nerudová

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Banking Sector ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

The European Union ◽

Policy Reforms ◽

Profit Shifting ◽

Firm Level ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The aim of the paper is to measure the amount of profit shifting within the banking sector in Eastern European countries. The paper uses firm‑level bank data from the Bankscope database of multinational subsidiary banks operating in Eastern Europe for a period of 10 years (2006-2015). An empirical analysis is performed on the panel data to identify the profit‑shifting activities of these banks. Focusing on the banking sector of Eastern European countries, which are a microcosm of the European Union, substantial evidence of profit shifting is found and confirms that banks have enhanced tax‑planning opportunities similar to firms from different jurisdictions. The paper also seeks to contribute to recommendations on how fair and sustainable taxation and social policy reforms can increase the economic stability of the EU member states.

JAVNOBILJEŽNIČKI RAZVOD BRAKA U REFORMIRANOM SLOVENSKOM PRAVU

Pravni vjesnik ◽

10.25234/pv/11411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 229-246

Author(s):

Slađana Aras Kramar

Keyword(s):

European Countries ◽

Family Court ◽

Eastern European ◽

Basic Principles ◽

European Continent ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Starting Point ◽

Special Part ◽

Court Proceedings ◽

Divorce before Latin-type notaries, as an alternative to court procedure, has been present on the European continent since the early 2000s. Forms of such divorce first appeared in Eastern European countries. However, since 2015 there has been a regulation of the powers of notaries for consensual divorce in the countries of Western and Southern Europe. The last among European countries to prescribe the consensual divorce before notaries is Slovenia, as part of the reform of family and non-contentious law and procedure. In this context, the paper discusses the novelties and basic principles of family court proceedings in the reformed Slovenian law. A special part of the paper contains an analysis of the consensual divorce before Slovenian notaries. The reason for choosing this legal system is the circumstance of the same starting point of development with Croatia, the similarity of these two legal systems, as well as the fact that in these Central European EU member states, reform efforts in one usually follow reforms and results in the other. Then follows an analysis and discussion of notarial divorce from a Croatian perspective, in particular on the circumstances that should be taken into account when considering its regulation, in order to reflect and achieve the prominent advantages. The concluding part of the paper contains some thoughts of the author and his de lege ferenda projections for the Croatian regulation, but also for the states in its neighborhood.

7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences: Conference Proceedings ◽

United Europe – Yes, or no?

10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.05043n ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amra Nuhanović ◽

Jasmila Pašić

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Political Parties ◽

European Integration ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

The European Union ◽

Collective Interest ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The Common ◽

In recent years, the European Union has been facing a number of challenges that it is finding it increasingly difficult to overcome. Most EU member states are facing a crisis of confidence in Europe and its institutions, and at the same time nationalist political parties and ideas are developing more and more, leading to a weakening of European solidarity. Eastern European countries weakened awareness of the collective interest. The common values that existed until then have become “diluted”, because different understandings of the nature of the state have emerged, as well as different views on international politics. At the same time, support for European integration among citizens has been declining, and fewer and fewer have seen membership as good and can bring significant benefits. Today, the idea of a united EU is in crisis and that is precisely the cause of the crisis the Union is facing.

Passing-on of Overcharges and the Implementation of the Damages Directive in CEE Countries

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies ◽

10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.15.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 133-146

Author(s):

Raimundas Moisejevas

Keyword(s):

Case Law ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

Member States ◽

National Courts ◽

The Subject ◽

New Framework

The article focuses on the concept of passing-on of overcharges and the peculiarities of its regulation by the Damages Directive. The Damages Directive obliges Member States to ensure that the defendant in an action for damages may invoke the passing-on defence. Moreover, the Directive establishes the new framework and the main principles that govern the application of the passing-on defence. The national case law on passing-on is very insignificant in Central and Eastern European countries and many questions are expected to be raised in the courts of the CEE Member States. While discussing the concept of passing-on in the Damages Directive, a lot of emphasis should be paid to the issue of causation. Causation will definitely be the subject of most of the questions in cases when an indirect purchaser will bring a claim for damages. Causation may be tricky when an indirect purchaser claims it suffered an ‘overcharge harm’ because of passing-on. In most cases, the issue of causation will be decided mainly by national courts based on national procedural rules. Depending on the situation, passing-on may be used as a basis for the claim (as a ‘sword’) or as a defence (as a ‘shield’). It could be used as a basis for the claim by an indirect purchaser, in case s/he has suffered any harm because of the illegal actions of a cartelist or a dominant company. At the same time, it could be used as a defence by the infringer against a claim for damages. The article also analyses the specifics of the implementation of the Directive into the national laws of CEE Member States.

Agriculture of central and eastern European countries in the European Union

Panoeconomicus ◽

10.2298/pan0604457r ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 457-470

Author(s):

Srdjan Redzepagic

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Agricultural Policy ◽

Common Agricultural Policy ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The Eu

Agriculture posed considerable tensions for the processes of enlargement of the European Union, because of its continuing importance both in the economies of the applicant countries of Central and Eastern European countries which have joined EU on the 1st may 2004., and in the EU budget and acquits communautaire. The preparation of agriculture in the candidate countries to join the EU was rendered more complex by the fact that the Community's Common Agricultural Policy was a moving target. The aim of this paper is to show the bases elements of the Common Agricultural Policy, but also to provide a survey of recent developments relating to agriculture in the EU and new member states of the EU before their accession to EU and their preparation to access on the enlarged market, in order to indicate the main challenges and difficulties posed by enlargement. It seems likely that agricultural policy in the enlarged EU will attach increased priority to objectives such as rural development and the environment. However, these new priorities may be expensive to realize, and may impose a growing burden on the national budgets of EU member states.

Ten years on (some lessons from the transition)

Prague Economic Papers ◽

10.18267/j.pep.162 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Josef Tošovský

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Private Sector ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Free Market ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Eastern European ◽

Real Economy ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The article offers essential reflections on ten years of experience with the transformation of the former centrally planned economies into free market economies. Although there were large differences among individual transition countries, all of them faced similar challenges early in the 1990s. The unique initial conditions of the Central and Eastern European countries called for an approach fundamentally different from reforms applied in Latin America or Asia. CEE countries had to rebuild, from scratch, a private sector, create a market-compatible institutional environment, and correct the serious inherited deformations of the real economy. In addition, at the same time they were confronted with the international liberalization of flows of goods and capital. The article aims to distinguish and analyse both objective and subjective factors affecting the process of economic transformation.

Determinanty zmian deficytu budżetu państwa i długu publicznego w krajach Unii Europejskiej w 2010 roku

Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace ◽

10.33119/kkessip.2012.2.4 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 77-97

Author(s):

Dariusz Malinowski

Keyword(s):

Public Debt ◽

Budget Deficit ◽

The State ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

State Budget ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Percentage Points ◽

The article contains an analysis of the budget deficit variability and public debt variation in the EU in 2010. Comparing the scale and economic determinants of changes in the state budget deficit and public debt in 2010 in the Central and Eastern European EU member states and in other EU countries we reach the following conclusions: 1) The average scale of the improvement of the economic result of the state budget as % of GDP was higher in the Central and Eastern Europe countries comparing to other EU member states. In the first group of countries, economic results improved on average by 1.1 percentage points, and in the other by 0.75 percentage points. 2) In most Central and Eastern European countries, as well as in most other EU countries the decline in budgetary expenditure, expressed in% of GDP was the only or major determinant of the reduction of the economic deficit of the state budget as % of GDP. Reduction of public spending in GDP was in turn the result of reducing the fiscal growth of nominal spending. In the Central and Eastern European countries in 2010, the nominal budget spending, decreased on average by 0.4%, while in 2009 increased on average by 16.1%. 3) In the rest of the EU average increase in public debt as % of GDP was higher than the average increase in public debt in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. For the rest of the EU member states, public debt at the end of 2010 as % of GDP was by 4.65 percentage points higher than at the end of 2009, and for the Central and Eastern European countries by 4.14 percentage points higher. At the end of 2010 Central and Eastern European countries had significantly lower average level of public debt as % of GDP in comparison with other EU members states (38.9% of GDP and 74.8% of GDP). In most other EU countries there is virtually no limit for increasing the public debt, therefore there is no limit for a high budget deficit. Among Central and Eastern European EU member states only Hungary are in similar situation while Poland is close by. Therefore, most other EU countries and some countries of Central and Eastern Europe must immediately substantially reduce the scale of the economic deficit of the state budget. Countries where public debt is relatively low should not delay further restrictions of the state budget deficit as later on they will have to make this reduction under pressure of time. Above else, high economic deficit negatively impacts the economy, including economic growth. If EU member states fail to implement quickly the low economic state budget defi cit policy, they will plunge into economic recession that will last for many years.

The interaction between Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Investment: Is there crowding out effect?

Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research ◽

10.15549/jeecar.v7i2.446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 163-174

Author(s):

Tugba Akin ◽

Ozge Bolaman Avcı

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Free Market ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

European Countries ◽

Crowding Out ◽

Eastern European ◽

Domestic Investment ◽

After the fall of communism, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced a transition process in which a remarkable increase is observed in foreign direct investment flows into the region. During this process, when transition countries tried to adopt a free-market economy instead of a closed centrally structured economy, funds obtained through FDI constituted an essential way of financing for these countries that were trying to restructure their economy. Study questions the existence of the crowding-out effect by using data from Eastern European Countries, including Romania, the Russian Federation, Moldova, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Ukraine. With this aim, PANIC Bai and Ng (2004), the bias-corrected PANIC Westerlund and Larsson (2009) unit root tests, and panel data analysis are implemented. Results obtained were consistent with theoretical expectations and showed that FDI had a crowding-out effect in the short run but, in the long run, a crowding-in impact on domestic investment.

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2014.29898 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 155 (21) ◽

pp. 833-837 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

József Marton ◽

Attila Pandúr ◽

Emese Pék ◽

Krisztina Deutsch ◽

Bálint Bánfai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basic Life Support ◽

Life Support ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

European Students ◽

Western European ◽

European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.