scholarly journals Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten – the First Croatian Phraseological Dictionary

Kalbotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
Barbara Kovačević ◽  
Barbara Štebih Golub
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Selection Principles ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first Croatian phraseological dictionary, compiled in German under the title Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was published as a part of the conversational manual accompanying the last published grammar of the Kajkavian literary language, Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Its author, Ignac Kristijanović, had accomplished this pioneering undertaking against the contemporary practice, listing the idioms as separate phraseological units in form of a small phraseological dictionary, and not within the dictionary entries of the general dictionary. The paper deals with the macro- and microstructure of Kristijanović’s dictionary within the theoretical framework of the so-called Zagreb School of Phraseology (Menac, Fink-Arsovski).On the macrostructural level, the analysis focuses on the selection principles of the included units and their order in the dictionary. Special attention is paid to the question which material is included, ie. whether the dictionary contains only idioms defined in accordance with today’s phraseological theory and whether the author makes a distinction between idioms and other fixed multi-word expressions (collocations, proverbs).On the microstructural level, it is being examined which form of a idiom is taken as a lemma and how the Kajkavian idioms are translated on the German side of the dictionary (an equivalent German idiom; a German idiom and the explanation of its meaning; the description of the situation in which the idiom is being used). In addition, the question of dealing with synonymous idioms is discussed.In spite of a sporadically non-systematic treatment of structurally similar idioms as dictionary units, and taking into consideration that the Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was compiled in the first half of the 19th century, Kristijanović’s dictionary can be viewed as an interesting and valuable contribution to Croatian and Slavic phraseology and phraseography.

scholarly journals BULGARIAN VERNACULAR ACCENT PECULIARITIES IN DIALECTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL REVIVAL PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Maria MITSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Disyllabic Words ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Field Area

The following article examines the accentual peculiarities in the Bulgarian vernacular from the second and third quarters of the 19th century as described in the dialectological publications from the same period. Bulgarian 19th-century writers go beyond the field area of recognizing and analyzing the phonetic nature of the Bulgarian dynamic accent and its effect on vowels and comment on a number of phonetic processes and phenomena, regarded as a result of the functioning of the word stress. They discuss the reduction of unstressed vowels in Eastern Bulgarian dialects, set out the Yat rule, and draw attention to the connection between Yat mutation and word stress. In their publications a number of accentual peculiarities are revealed, such as: the fixed secondary and tertiary stress in some Southwestern Bulgarian dialects, shifting the stress from the root syllable to the flexion in the definite forms of disyllabic words – a special phonetic feature in the mass of Southwestern and Rup Bulgarian dialects. In their attempts to present the diversity of the spoken language and to conceptualize it as a cultural value and a linguistic source, they present hundreds of examples which visualize the variety of local pronunciations, as well as the word-stock of the entire Bulgarian language. Their work is a valuable contribution both to the history of the Bulgarian vernacular and to the history of the Bulgarian dialectology from the 19th century.

The labour republicans and the classical republican tradition: Alex Gourevitch’s From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-253
Author(s):  
Frank Lovett
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Cooperative Commonwealth ◽  
The 19Th Century

Alex Gourevitch’s From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth is a valuable contribution to republican historiography: in reconstructing the ideas of the 19th century American labour republicans, this work significantly expands and enriches our appreciation of the classical republican tradition. While the labour republicans are convincingly shown to have made important contributions to that tradition, stronger claims that they fundamentally transformed republicanism are less persuasive.

Los Epígonos Del Racionalismo en España

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Ridruejo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Andres Bello ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Summary French philosophical grammmar and grammatical rationalism developed from the 17th-century Port Royal Grammar, but they were not adopted by Spanish grammarians until early in the 19th century. Of works responsible for the introduction of French grammatical philosophy in Spain, one of the earliest and the most important one is the Principios de gramática general (Madrid 1835), by José Gómez Hermosilla (1771–1837/38?). The work was very well received; by 1841 it already was into a third edition. Even before first appearing in print, a manuscript of the Gramática General was used to adapt Gómez Hermosilla’s ideas to the 1828 Castilian grammar of Jacobo Saqueniza (anagram for Joaquín Cabezas). The most important of the Castilian grammars influenced by the work of Gómez Hermosilla were the one just mentioned and the one by Antonio Martinez de Noboa, published in 1839. The application of Hermosilla’s theories to descriptive grammars of Castilian required adapting both the theory and the description to achieve a reasonable fit between universal and language specific aspects. Other adjustments were required of the writers of descriptive grammars in order to avoid conflicts with a long and well established grammatical tradition. Nevertheless, grammars like those of Saqueniza and Noboa show innovations which resulted from their relationship with the theories of Hermosilla which will produce a deictic interpretation of articles, possesives and demonstratives, and will affect the theory of verb tenses, as well as the definitions of prepositions and conjunctions, and the classification of sentences. Additionally, Noboa’s Castilian Gramática, whose title makes a claim to be in accordance with grammatical philosophy, includes the most extensive and systematic treatment of syntax prior to the appearance of the work of Andres Bello (1781–1865) in 1847.

scholarly journals Los orígenes de la municipalización de servicios. El industrialismo público inglés (Municipal Trading) y la Sociedad Fabiana

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Magaldi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bernard Shaw ◽  
Fabian Society

<p align="justify">A lo largo del siglo XIX hizo su aparición en Inglaterra un fenómeno nuevo, conocido como municipalización de servicios o municipal trading, en virtud del cual los municipios ingleses fueron asumiendo progresivamente la prestación de diversos servicios que habían devenido esenciales en las ciudades, como consecuencia de la Revolución Industrial y del intenso movimiento demográfico (campo-ciudad) que aquella había generado. En el marco teórico de este movimiento municipalizador destacó muy especialmente la aportación realizada por un grupo de pensadores e intelectuales aglutinados en torno a las figuras de Sydney y Beatrice Webb y Bernard Shaw (la Sociedad Fabiana) y que habrían de constituir el núcleo originario del laborismo británico.</p><br /> <p align="justify"><b> Municipal trading appeared as a new phenomenon in England during the 19th century. As a consequence, English local authorities had to provide for new social needs that had become essential after the Industrial Revolution and the migrations from the countryside to the cities that followed. A group of intellectuals and thinkers who gathered around the figures of Sydney and Beatrice Webb and Bernard Shaw (the Fabian Society) played a capital role in building the theoretical framework of this movement. They became the original hard core of British Labor.</p>

scholarly journals Archaeology, Evolution and Darwinism

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra ◽  
Marko Porčić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short History ◽  
Social Biology ◽  
Basic Conclusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lasting Impression ◽  
New Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper presents a short history of the influence evolutionary thinking has had on anthropology and archaeology. The focus is on four major "schools" in evolutionist thought: the classical evolutionism of the 19th century, Neo-evolutionism, social biology (sociobiology) and Neo-Darwinian archaeology. The basic conclusion of this text is that the idea of socio-cultural evolution, understood in the broadest sense, has left a lasting impression on anthropological and archeological theory, and that it still represents a useful theoretical framework for new research.

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

scholarly journals Ensimmäisten suomenkielisten murretutkimusten metakieli

Virittäjä ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aila Mielikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Paradigmatic Change ◽  
The 19Th Century

Suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen alku sijoittuu 1800-luvulla ajankohtaan, jolloin tieteellistä suomen kieltä ei vielä ollut olemassa. Kielestäkin oli kirjoitettu suomeksi vähän, ja kieliopit olivat suurimmaksi osaksi muunkielisiä. Suomenkielisistä kieliopeista saatu terminologia ei riittänyt murteiden äänneopin käsittelyyn, eli suomeksi kirjoittavilta tutkijoilta puuttuivat sopivat metakielen mallit. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, miten eri murteiden tyypillisiä piirteitä nimettiin ja kuvailtiin murteentutkimuksen ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä. Aineistona ovat 1860‒1890-luvuilla julkaistut tutkimukset, jotka edustavat vertailevaa, deskriptiivistä tutkimussuuntaa. Euroopassa 1870-luvulla tapahtunut paradigman muutos deskriptiivisestä historioivaan tutkimukseen (nuorgrammaattinen tutkimussuunta) saavutti suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen vasta 1890-luvulla. Sitä ennen murteita verrattiin kieliopeissa esitettyyn kirjakieleen. Tutkijat tunsivat hyvin suomen kielen rakenteen, mutta he pystyivät jossain määrin selittämään myös murrevarianttien taustoja ja syntyä. Analyysit eivät siten ole niin synkronisia kuin käytetyn metodin perusteella voisi olettaa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan metakieltä myös tutkimusajankohdan kielellisessä kontekstissa. 1800-luvun kielenuudistuksessa oli yhtenä tavoitteena uudissanaston oma­peräisyys, ja tieteellisille termeillekin pyrittiin luomaan suomenkieliset vastineet. Murre­tutkimusten terminologia sisältää sekä vierasperäistä että omaa sanastoa, ja osa siitä on säilynyt dialektologiassa nykypäivään asti. Ennestään tutuille sanoille annettiin kieli­tieteellisessä kontekstissa uusi merkitys, ja lisäksi luotiin tarpeen mukaan uusia johdoksia. Sananvalinnat saattavat joskus kuulostaa kansanomaisilta ja muistuttaa jopa nykyistä kansanlingvististä metakieltä. On kuitenkin otettava huomioon, että sanojen tyylisävyt ovat muuttuneet ja että nykykielen ekspressiivisillä ja affektiivisilla sanoilla on voinut olla 1800-luvulla neutraalimpi merkitys. The metalanguage of the first Finnish-language studies in dialectology The roots of Finnish dialectology go back to a point in the 19th century when scholarly Finnish did not yet exist. Little had been written on linguistics in Finnish, and grammars were often in languages other than Finnish. The terminology gleaned from grammars written in Finnish for the treatment of dialectal phonology was insufficient, i.e., scholars writing in Finnish lacked suitable metalinguistic models. The present article examines the terminology used to describe typical features of a variety of dialects during the first decades of dialectology. The primary corpus of data consists of studies, published from 1860 until the 1890s and which represent a comparative descriptive approach. The paradigmatic change from descriptive to historical dialectology in Europe (during the 1870s) did not reach Finland until two decades later. Prior to this, dialects were compared to the literary language presented in grammars. While scholars were well acquainted with the structure of the Finnish language, they could also explain, to some degree, the background and birth of dialectal variations. For this reason, analyses are not as synchronic as the method used might suggest. The article also studies metalanguage in the linguistic context of the specific point of time in question. One of the aims of the language reforms of the 19th century was a Finnish-language-based collection of neologisms, an attempt to create Finnish equivalents for scholarly terms. Dialectological terminology employs both foreign and Finnish vocabulary, and some of these terms persist to this day. Familiar words were given a new meaning in a linguistic context, and new derivatives were created. The choice of words was sometimes popular in tone, occasionally reminiscent of a modern folk linguistic metalanguage. It is, nevertheless, to be noted, that the stylistics of words has changed, and that the stylistic values of expressive and affective words could have had a more neutral shade during the 19th century.

scholarly journals The Traditional Lexical Layer Of The Works Of Avaz Otar

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 442-445
Author(s):  
Sarvinoz Sharipova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the lexical features of Avaz Otar's works of the 19th century. Literary language and living colloquial words in the works are selected and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ways in which words of different dialects enter the Uzbek literary language.

scholarly journals Особенности калмыцкого письменного языка XIX в. (на материале калмыцких писем И. Я. Шмидта (1800–1810 гг.))

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-659
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Bembeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Traditional Indicator

Introduction. The article examines some phonetic and morphological features of the Kalmyk language traced in written monuments published by the famous Mongolists John Krueger and Robert Service in the ‘Kalmyk Old-Manuscript Documents of Isaac Jacob Schmidt’ (2002). The book presents facsimiles, transcriptions and translations of epistolary documents into English, which cover the period from 1800 to 1810. Most of the letters — 54 out of 80 — reflect correspondence with the Baga Dorbet Princes Tundutovs, including 18 from Erdeni Taisha, 27 from Tsebek, and 9 more from Jamba Taisha. These written monuments are kept in the archives of the Moravian Brothers Community in Herrnhut (Unitas Fratrum, Eng. ‘United Brothers’) in folder R.15.R.IIa No. 5. Goals. The paper aims at investigating some phonetic and morphological features of the then Kalmyk language discovered in the published letters. Results. The language of I. H. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage in the development of the Kalmyk language in the late 18th – early 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of the phonetic and grammatical norms inherent to the written literary language and living folk speech. The materials of the texts show that the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a process of transition of the combinations -ou and -öü into the long vowels [u:] and [ü:], respectively. It is also noted that in words where the diphthong -iu is historically (traditionally) used, e.g., in the word alčiur — in letters it is transmitted as alčuur, which meets the requirements of live pronunciation. In the language of letters of I. J. Schmidt, when it comes to construct the imperative form of the 2nd person plural, several cases of using the colloquial formant -tan are recorded, instead of the traditional indicator -qtün / -qtun. The past participle, which is historically formed with -qsan / -qsen affixes, also approaches colloquial forms, therefore, there are frequent cases of using -san / -sen forms, which are closer to modern Kalmyk (e.g., xara torγon irsen bolxuna ‘if the black silk arrives’). Linguistic processes associated with the reduction of short vowels of non-first syllables of a word, reduction of morphological formants, etc., are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in the text of the studied monument. Conclusions. Thus, the language of I. Ya. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage of development of the Kalmyk language at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of phonetic and grammatical norms of the written literary language and living folk speech.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document