scholarly journals Outline of a Linguistic Model for the Study of Emerging Naming

Kalbotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Agata Jackiewicz

 The article presents the outline of a linguistic model that is part of a methodology for identifying and analyzing emerging or referentially unstable namings, such as cultural appropriation, street harassment, climate refugee or ecocide. The model and the method are intended to guide the interpretation – manual or semi-automatic – of the referential expressions, according to the semantic-cognitive type of the designated entity (human entity, social process, event, etc.), but also taking into account interdiscursive negotiations that affect the choice of terms and their uses. The proposed approach is original and is based on several guiding ideas: (1) take into account the complexity of the naming and the entanglement of his different facets which are categorization, meaning, performativity and valuation (desirability, preferences, social norms), (2) target the development phase of the naming (observe how speakers deal with the unstable): for this purpose, we will use the notion of identification between weak or identified entities and strong or reference entities, (3) report in an integrated way the referential elaboration of knowledge, the lexical and semantic elaboration of expressions, and the expression of intersubjective attitudes. The scientific framework combines three main disciplinary areas: automatic language processing (construction and representation of knowledge, reference), semantics (elaboration of meanings) and discourse analysis (interdiscursive elaboration of concepts and terms).

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase Wesley Raymond ◽  
Rebecca Clift ◽  
John Heritage

Abstract In this article, we investigate a puzzle for standard accounts of reference in natural language processing, psycholinguistics and pragmatics: occasions where, following an initial reference (e.g., the ice), a subsequent reference is achieved using the same noun phrase (i.e., the ice), as opposed to an anaphoric form (i.e., it). We argue that such non-anaphoric reference can be understood as motivated by a central principle: the expression of agency in interaction. In developing this claim, we draw upon research in what may initially appear a wholly unconnected domain: the marking of epistemic and deontic stance, standardly investigated in linguistics as turn-level grammatical phenomena. Examination of naturally-occurring talk reveals that to analyze such stances solely though the lens of turn-level resources (e.g., modals) is to address only partially the means by which participants make epistemic and deontic claims in everyday discourse. Speakers’ use of referential expressions illustrates a normative dimension of grammar that incorporates both form and position, thereby affording speakers the ability to actively depart from this form-position norm through the use of a repeated NP, a grammatical practice that we show is associated with the expression of epistemic and deontic authority. It is argued that interactants can thus be seen to be agentively mobilizing the resources of grammar to accommodate the inescapable temporality of interaction.


1977 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 19-40
Author(s):  
Luc Steels

An extension of completion grammars is being introduced such that the model now deals with prefix, infix, postfix and post-infix word order patterns. It is shown that this extension does not affect the weak generative capacity of the system, which was known to be of type 2. Also the existing notion of a completion automaton is reworked, mainly to have the distinction in word order be reflected by the operations of the automaton rather than by the transition functions of the underlying finite state machine. In some recent publications (e.g. Steels (1975), Steels and Vermeir (1976), Steels (1976a&b» we have been dealing with a linguistic model known as compZetion grammars. These grammars were designed to cope with a functional viewpoint on language, this means they deal with case structures for language,expressions, instead of phrase structures as do the well-known Chomsky-type grammars. The model of completion grammars was developed in a context of research on language processing and automatic translation. In particular it reflects the current tendency to build semantics directed systems, rather than syntax directed ones. (See for a more detailed discussion on the distinction between the two Wilks (1975) and Winograd (1973). For the use of completion grammars in the design of semantics directed systems, we refer to Steels (1975;1976a&b). What will concern us in this paper is an extension of the model, and a study of the formal properties of these extended systems. Also we will introduce a new class of automata. The paper is organized as follows. First we extend the notion of a completion grammar, we give some intuitive explanations for the extension (1.1.), specify the basic definitions (1.2.) and study its weak generative capacity (1.3.). A second section deals with the automata. Again we start with intuitive explanations (2.1.), give the basic definitions and various examples (2.2.) and finally prove the relation between the grammars and the automata (2.3.).


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Jara-Ettinger ◽  
Paula Rubio-Fernandez

A foundational assumption of human communication is that speakers should say as much as necessary, but no more. In referential communication, the pressure to be efficient is typically formalized as an egocentric bias where speakers aim to minimize production costs. While intuitive, this view has failed to explain why people routinely produce redundant adjectives, particularly color words, or why this phenomenon varies cross-linguistically. Here we propose an alternative view of referential efficiency, whereby speakers create referential expressions designed to facilitate the listener's visual search for the referent as they process words in real time. We present a computational model of our account, the Incremental Communicative Efficiency (ICE) model, which generates referential expressions by considering listeners' expected visual search during online language processing. Our model captures a number of known effects in the literature, including cross-linguistic differences in speakers' propensity to over-specify. Moreover, our model predicts graded acceptability judgments with quantitative accuracy, systematically outperforming an alternative, brevity-based model. Our findings suggest that reference production is best understood as driven by a cooperative goal to help the listener identify the intended referent, rather than by an egocentric effort to minimize utterance length.


Author(s):  
G. Purna Chandar Rao ◽  
V. B. Narasimha

A social media adoption is important to provide content authenticity and awareness for the unknown news that might be fake. Therefore, a Natural Language Processing (NLP) model is required to identify the content properties for language-driven feature generation. The present research work utilizes language-driven features that extract the grammatical, sentimental, syntactic, readable features. The feature from the particular news content is extracted to deal with the dimensional problem as the language level features are quite complex. Thus, the Dropout layer-based Long Short Term Network Model (LSTM) for sequential learning achieved better results during fake news detection. The results obtained validate the important features extracted linguistic model features and are combined to achieve better classification accuracy. The proposed Drop out based LSTM model obtained accuracy of 95.3% for fake news classification and detection when compared to the sequential neural model for fake news detection.


Neurosurgery ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McL. Black ◽  
Sandra E. Black ◽  
Janet A. Droge

Abstract Three models of human language processing can be discerned in contemporary neurobiology: the Wernicke-Broca model, primarily derived from studies of stroke and other brain lesions; the model developed by Dr. George Ojemann from electrical stimulation mapping of the cerebral cortex; and the linguistic model, evolved from Noam Chomsky's linguistic theories. The Wernicke-Broca model employs a posterior-sensory anterior-motor conception of brain language processing that is substantially different from the more modular conception developed from electrical stimulation mapping. The linguistic model attempts to explain language in terms of hierarchical mental function.


2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Charlotte Effenberger

As communication between humans and machines in natural language still seems essential, especially for end users, Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods are used to classify and interpret this. NLP, as a technology, combines grammatical, semantical, and pragmatical analyses with statistics or machine learning to make language logically understandable by machines and to allow new interpretations of data in contrast to predefined logical structures. Some NLP methods do not go far beyond a retrieving of the indexation of content. Therefore, indexation is considered as a very simple linguistic approach. Semantic correlation rules offer the possibility to retrieve easy semantic relations without a special tool by using a set of predefined rules. Therefore, this paper aims to examine, to which extend Semantic Correlation Rules (SCRs) will be able to retrieve linguistic semantic relations and to what extend a simple NLP method can be set up to allow further interpretation of data. In order to do so, an easy linguistic model was modelled by an indexation that is enriched with semantical relations to give data more context. These semantic relations were then queried by SCRs to set up an NLP method.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Seimon ◽  
Janeth Robinson

Computational Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence are increasingly demanding more effective contributions from language studies to Natural Language Processing. This fact has driven Applied Linguistics to produce knowledge to offer reliable models of linguistic production, which are not based only on formal rules of context-free grammars; but, in another way, take the natural language understanding as processing parameter. In a complementary way, there has been an increase in the scope of Applied Linguistics, the need to implement the processing of natural languages in the interaction between human and computer, incorporating the machine into its research and application practices. Among these demands, the search for models that extrapolate the order of prayer stands out, in particular by turning to the structure of texts and, consequently, to textual genres. Situating in this context, this article aims to contribute with solutions to the demands in relation to the study of conversational structures. Thus, it aims to offer a linguistic model of the grammatical systems that perform the potential structures for the conversations in various contexts. More specifically, it produces a model capable of describing the way in which the system networks are made and, consequently, how this dynamic explains the organization of the conversations.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giosuè Baggio ◽  
Carmelo M. Vicario

AbstractWe agree with Christiansen & Chater (C&C) that language processing and acquisition are tightly constrained by the limits of sensory and memory systems. However, the human brain supports a range of cognitive functions that mitigate the effects of information processing bottlenecks. The language system is partly organised around these moderating factors, not just around restrictions on storage and computation.


Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.


Author(s):  
Eun Jin Paek ◽  
Si On Yoon

Purpose Speakers adjust referential expressions to the listeners' knowledge while communicating, a phenomenon called “audience design.” While individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show difficulties in discourse production, it is unclear whether they exhibit preserved partner-specific audience design. The current study examined if individuals with AD demonstrate partner-specific audience design skills. Method Ten adults with mild-to-moderate AD and 12 healthy older adults performed a referential communication task with two experimenters (E1 and E2). At first, E1 and participants completed an image-sorting task, allowing them to establish shared labels. Then, during testing, both experimenters were present in the room, and participants described images to either E1 or E2 (randomly alternating). Analyses focused on the number of words participants used to describe each image and whether they reused shared labels. Results During testing, participants in both groups produced shorter descriptions when describing familiar images versus new images, demonstrating their ability to learn novel knowledge. When they described familiar images, healthy older adults modified their expressions depending on the current partner's knowledge, producing shorter expressions and more established labels for the knowledgeable partner (E1) versus the naïve partner (E2), but individuals with AD were less likely to do so. Conclusions The current study revealed that both individuals with AD and the control participants were able to acquire novel knowledge, but individuals with AD tended not to flexibly adjust expressions depending on the partner's knowledge state. Conversational inefficiency and difficulties observed in AD may, in part, stem from disrupted audience design skills.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document