scholarly journals Farms Divided between Lithuania and Poland: The Problems of Lithuania’s Farmers and the Defence of Their Interests, 1923–1939

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Leonas Nekrašas
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Local People ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Neutral Zone ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Local Farmers

During the interwar years the situation between Lithuania and Poland was tense. Lithuania never stopped claiming Vilnius as its capital city and did not recognize it as a part of Poland – therefore these countries did not have diplomatic relations. Travelling possibilities between these alienated states were greatly restricted and (as Lithuania did not recognize the demarcation line dividing both countries as an official state border) their borderland was an area of frequent violence, provocations, and ever present tension. The border situation created a problem for local people – the demarcation line (conclusively established in 1923 after the dissolution of the demilitarized neutral zone that separated both states) divided the farms of many local farmers leaving thousands of hectares of farmland belonging to residents of Poland in Lithuania and vice versa. Both countries agreed to allow the farmers of these divided farms to cross the demarcation line to continue to use and work their land. However, these people were directly caught up in the feud between their antagonistic states and suffered from it. This paper explores the struggles experienced by Lithuania’s farmers (frequently and deliberately obstructed by Poland’s border guards) and the efforts of Lithuanian state institutions to defend their interests. The analysis showcases an unorthodox situation and uncovers unique ways of communicating and solving problems established between states that had no diplomatic relations in the interest of their local citizens. The methods used gradually evolved from the use of the basic “An eye for an eye“ type of retaliation (reacting to obstruction by causing equivalent difficulties to farmers of the opposing country) to frequent meetings between local officials of both nations in a borderland marked by tension and conflict. Various methods that were used to better the situation of local farmers are analysed. The paper uncovers the core principles that determined and guided the policy of Lithuanian state institutions. Most significantly, it was a recognition of importance of reacting to every obstructive action made against Lithuanian citizens. There was also a great avoidance to act (or react) in a way that could be interpreted as recognizing the demarcation line as the state border. The situation regarding the issue of the divided farms after the Polish ultimatum and the establishment of diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Poland in 1938 is examined.

scholarly journals NILAI MAQASID AL SYARIAH DALAM PANCASILA SEBAGAI DASAR NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

Dialog ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Muhlil Musolin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Analysis Technique

ABSTRAK  Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah bahwa ada pihak yang berusaha memembenturkan pancasila dengan ajaran Islam. Mereka menganggap Indonesia dengan menjadikan pancasila sebagai dasar negara adalah sesat. Doktrin seperti itu sudah merambah pada institusi institusi negara yang telah terpapar dengan doktrin tersebut tidak terkecuali pada institusi pendidikan milik negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Sumber referensi diperoleh dari artikel dalam suatu jurnal ilmiah, buku dan referensi terkait dengan topik yang diangkat. Teknik analisis data penggunakan pendekatan reflektif terhadap nilai-nilai maqasid al syariah yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu usaha untuk membenturkan pancasila dengan Islam adalah sesuatu yang sia sia karena secara kontektual antara Islam dan pancasila tidak saling bertentangan dan justru dengan melaksanakan pancasila sama halnya dengan mengamalkan ajaran Islam. Pancasila pada dasarnya merupakan implementasi dari nilai nilai Maqasid Al Syariah yang merupakan inti ajaran Islam. Sila sila dalam pancasila yaitu: 1) Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, 2) Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab, 3) Persatuan Indonesia, 4) Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/ Perwakilan, 5) Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia. merupakan implementasi dari nilai maqasid al syariah dari Maslahat kulliyah, Maslahat al-juz'iyyah al-khashshah dan maqasid al syariah dharuriyyat.  Kata Kunci: Maqasid Al Syariah, Pancasila, Dasar Negara.   ABSTRACT  The background of this research is that there are those who try to bang Pancasila with Islamic teachings. They consider Indonesia by making Pancasila as the basis of the state is misguided. Such a doctrine has penetrated the state institutions which have been exposed to the doctrine, including state-owned educational institutions. This research uses a qualitative approach. The data collection method uses library research. Reference sources were obtained from articles in a scientific journal, books and references related to the topics raised. The data analysis technique uses a reflective approach to the values ​​of maqasid al sharia contained in Pancasila. The conclusion of this research is that the effort to clash Pancasila with Islam is something that is futile because contextually between Islam and Pancasila is not in conflict with each other and precisely by implementing Pancasila as well as practicing Islamic teachings. Pancasila is basically an implementation of the values ​​of Maqasid Al Sharia which is the core of Islamic teachings. Precepts in Pancasila, namely: 1) Godhead, 2) Fair and Civilized Humanity, 3) Indonesian Unity, 4) Democracy Led by Wisdom in Consultation / Representation, 5) Social Justice for All Indonesian People. is an implementation of the value of maqasid al syariah from Maslahat kulliyah, Maslahat al-juz'iyyah al-khashshah and maqasid al syariah dharuriyyat.  Keywords: Maqasid Al Syariah, Pancasila, State Basis.  

Untimely Development, Ugly History:A Drama in Muslinand the Rejection of National-Historical Time

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-183
Author(s):  
Mary L. Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Core

This article considers the politics and aesthetics of the colonial Bildungsroman by reading George Moore's often-overlooked novel A Drama in Muslin (1886). It argues that the colonial Bildungsroman does not simply register difference from the metropolitan novel of development or express tension between the core and periphery, as Jed Esty suggests, but rather can imagine a heterogeneous historical time that does not find its end in the nation-state. A Drama in Muslin combines naturalist and realist modes, and moves between Ireland and England to construct a form of untimely development that emphasises political processes (dissent, negotiation) rather than political forms (the state, the nation). Ultimately, the messy, discordant history represented in the novel shows the political potential of anachronism as it celebrates the untimeliness of everyday life.

Elementy współpracy polskich Wojsk Specjalnych i polskiego kontrwywiadu wojskowego w operacjach typu COIN. Casus Afganistanu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Social Character ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Political Economic

A COIN operation involves both insurgents and local people. Its main goal is to neutralize all conditions enabling the development of insurgent movements or conducive to their development. In COIN operations, the basic efficiency criterion is the destruction or significant reduction of the opponent’s effectiveness and its ability to use local people for its own purposes. Military counterintelligence is responsible for analyzing the capabilities and organizational structure of the enemy’s reconnaissance system, including terrorist organizations or rebels, and planning undertakings that neutralize enemy activities, achieved, among others by recognizing its capabilities and taking remedial action on this basis. Anti-partisan operations constitute a coordinated effort to combat guerrilla activities in the theatre of war of a varied military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and social character, aimed against insurgents and against their impact on the state and the society.

Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2380
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Security ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

The elimination of violence and terrorism in Iraq strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Mona Ali Duaij ◽  
Ahlam Ahmed Issa
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
The Media ◽  
Causes Of Crime ◽  
Religious Aspect

All the Iraqi state institutions and civil society organizations should develop a deliberate systematic policy to eliminate terrorism contracted with all parts of the economic, social, civil and political institutions and important question how to eliminate Daash to a terrorist organization hostile and if he country to eliminate the causes of crime and punish criminals and not to justify any type of crime of any kind, because if we stayed in the curriculum of justifying legitimate crime will deepen our continued terrorism, but give it legitimacy formula must also dry up the sources of terrorism media and private channels and newspapers that have abused the Holy Prophet Muhammad (p) and all kinds of any of their source (a sheei or a Sunni or Christians or Sabians) as well as from the religious aspect is not only the media but a meeting there must be cooperation of both parts of the state facilities and most importantly limiting arms possession only state you can not eliminate terrorism and violence, and we see people carrying arms without the name of the state and remains somewhat carefree is sincerity honesty and patriotism the most important motivation for the elimination of violence and terrorism and cooperation between parts of the Iraqi people and not be driven by a regional or global international schemes want to kill nations and kill our bodies of Sunnis, sheei , Christians, Sabean and Yazidi and others.

In a word, I’ve been there

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-256
Author(s):  
A. K. Zholkovsky
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Core Problem ◽  
Typical Solution

In his article, A. Zholkovsky discusses the contemporary detective mini-series Otlichnitsa [A Straight-A Student], which mentions O. Mandelstam’s poem for children A Galosh [Kalosha]: more than a fleeting mention, this poem prompts the characters and viewers alike to solve the mystery of its authorship. According to the show’s plot, the fact that Mandelstam penned the poem surfaces when one of the female characters confesses her involvement in his arrest. Examining this episode, Zholkovsky seeks structural parallels with the show in V. Aksyonov’s Overstocked Packaging Barrels [Zatovarennaya bochkotara] and even in B. Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago [Doktor Zhivago]: in each of those, a member of the Soviet intelligentsia who has developed a real fascination with some unique but unattainable object is shocked to realize that the establishment have long enjoyed this exotic object without restrictions. We observe, therefore, a typical solution to the core problem of the Soviet, and more broadly, Russian cultural-political situation: the relationship between the intelligentsia and the state, and the resolution is not a confrontation, but reconciliation.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37013-37019
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
University Education ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Education Students

No teaching method has evolved as much as distance education, in the state of Amazonas this would not be different, especially in higher education. Distance Education is a modality where the student is separated from the teacher and uses several communication technologies around all his learning. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and quantitative. The researched environment was the capital city of Manaus and the municipality of Maués, with the application of the closed questionnaire aimed at higher education students. Our objective was to question certain nuances as their benefits and challenges for those who study Distance Education in the different locations of the State of Amazonas. The result was the realization that among its many advantages in the execution of education, time is considered the main one, and the loss of deadlines its greatest disadvantage, besides the concept of distance education is already well known by university students. Thus, it is well known that with the passing of time and with the progress of the state's modernization, distance education is gradually becoming the most practical means of teaching.

What Is New about ‘Network Governance’ and Why Does It Matter?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. W. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
Network Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
British Government ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Executive ◽  
Court Politics

This chapter replies to key criticisms about policy networks, the core executive, and governance. On networks, the chapter discusses the context of networks, and the ability of the theory to explain change. On the core executive, it discusses a shift away from a focus on the prime minister to court politics. On governance, the chapter returns to redefining the state, steering networks, metagovernance, and storytelling. It restates the case for the idea of the differentiated polity. This is edifying because it provides a vocabulary for a more accurate description of British government. Finally, the chapter provides a link to Volume II by summarizing the decentred approach to the differentiated polity.

The Power of Public Positions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Kantian account of political authority holds that the state is a necessary and sufficient condition of our freedom. We cannot be free outside the state, Kantians argue, because any attempt to have the “acquired rights” necessary for our freedom implicates us in objectionable relations of dependence on private judgment. Only in the state can this problem be overcome. But it is not clear how mere institutions could make the necessary difference, and contemporary Kantians have not offered compelling explanations. A detailed analysis is presented of the problems Kantians identify with the state of nature and the objections they face in claiming that the state overcomes them. A response is sketched on behalf of Kantians. The key idea is that under state institutions, a person can make claims of acquired right without presupposing that she is by nature exceptional in her capacity to bind others.

The Polish–Lithuanian Conflict

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Balkelis
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Neutral Zone ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Demarcation Line

This chapter discusses the Polish–Lithuanian War of 1919–20. The war flared in May 1919 when the first open clash took place between Lithuanian and Polish troops. It gradually escalated and lasted until late November 1920 when, in Kaunas, both sides agreed to stop fighting along the demarcation line established by the League of Nations. Yet there was no final peace agreement signed, only a truce. And low-scale paramilitary violence continued unabated in the “neutral zone” along the demarcation line until as late as May 1923. The chapter argues that the war against Poland provided an opportunity for total mobilization of the whole of Lithuanian society. The fact that, during the entire interwar period, the conflict remained open-ended, ensured that the paramilitary structures and military laws that emerged during it would remain in place for much longer.

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