scholarly journals Open Society According Henri Bergson: Its Political Expressions and Anthropological Substantiation

Politologija ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Povilas Aleksandravičius
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Henri Bergson ◽  
Open Society ◽  
The Third

The paper seeks to reveal the Bergson’s conception of open society. In the first part, three concrete political expressions of the open society are identified that are sprea­ding in international relations and inside the society. The second part is aimed at showing that the open society is not a society without borders or limits and it does not pose any dangers to cherishing of identities: Bergson’s concept of duration, the source of his political philosophy, establishes identities by providing the foundation for the dynamic process of their maturation through openness. The anthropological substantiation of the open society that was begun in this part is continued in the third part of the paper that analyses the factors of closing and opening, their roots in nature, human nature and vital impetus.

scholarly journals Anarchy in International Relations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silviya Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Society ◽  
English School ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Alternative Discourse ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
International Anarchy

The concept of anarchy is seen as the cardinal organizing category of the discipline of International Relations (IR), which differentiates it from cognate disciplines such as Political Science or Political Philosophy. This article provides an analytical review of the scholarly literature on anarchy in IR, on two levels—conceptual and theoretical. First, it distinguishes three senses of the concept of anarchy: (1) lack of a common superior in an interaction domain; (2) chaos or disorder; and (3) horizontal relation between nominally equal entities, sovereign states. The first and the third senses of “anarchy”’ are central to IR. Second, it considers three broad families of IR theory where anarchy figures as a focal assumption—(1) realism and neorealism, (2) English School theory (international society approach), and (3) Kant’s republican peace. Despite normative and conceptual differences otherwise, all three bodies of theory are ultimately based on Hobbes’s argument for a “state of nature.” The article concludes with a summary of the key challenges to the discourse of international anarchy posed by the methodology of economics and economics-based theories that favor the alternative discourse of global hierarchy.

Nuclear Realism

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-218
Author(s):  
David L. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Social World ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Near Future

The forms collected here as “nuclear realism” seek ways to imagine what everyday life in the ontological bunker of the ’80s created by the nuclear age would look like if stripped of the ideological obfuscations of the nuclear imaginary of the Cold War. This chapter explores the tensions of survival in near-future speculations about life during wartime imagined through realist, often oppositional modes of writing and filmmaking. There are three sections: the first examines the melancholy and liberatory workings of memory in dramas of nuclear war created in the realist mode; the second studies the related forms of nuclear satire; the third looks at pop music’s reaction to the nuclear condition. In all forms of nuclear realism in the ’80s, the shelter and accompanying bunker fantasy play small but emblematic and always ultimately futile roles within the broader social world they both partake of and split apart. Despite their adherence to reality effects and avoidance of overt fabrication, the anti-bunker fantasies of nuclear realism are as “fantastic” and stylized in their own way as the survivalist scenarios discussed in Chapter 7. Each form affords to the present different arguments about the basis of society: fellowship and community or neo-barbarian Hobbesianism. Even the most defeatist form of the bunker fantasy uses doomsday to argue political philosophy: when the bombs drop, we’ll finally discover once and for all who was right about human nature and American democracy.

The Social and Political Philosophy of the Shih-chi

1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society

Chinese state and society underwent a profound change in the Former Han period. During the early years of the Former Han the exact nature of state and society was by no means clear, but by the end of this period, the broad outlines of the imperial system had been established for all subsequent Chinese history. The Ch'in Dynasty had indicated one direction, but its collapse had revived many of those elements present at the end of the third century B.C. which could logically have developed into a limited open society.

Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Interpretations of Realism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Interesting Alternative

This book has been consistently cited by scholars of international relations who explore the roots of realism in Thucydides' history and the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. While acknowledging that neither thinker fits perfectly within the confines of international relations realism, the author proposes Hobbes's philosophy is more closely aligned with it than Thucydides'. The book concludes that Thucydides' approach to politics is more preferable than Hobbes's. Hobbes, despite his pessimistic assumptions about human nature, is not realistic. It also discusses how realism and neorealism, despite their differences, share the same philosophical roots. The book suggests that Thucydides has been misunderstood and that he actually provides an interesting alternative approach to realism in the study of international politics.

scholarly journals TAMAN SELUNCUR INTERAKTIF SETIABUDI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Stefanny Makmur
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
Active Communities ◽  
Dominant Part

Duncan M. Laren and Julian Agyeman stated in their writings on 'sociocultural' which is a human nature that occurs everywhere but now society is gradually divided when it comes to public commercial knowledge and the rapidly developing economic as well as technological aspects. Various trends related to commercial matters are slowly creating destabilization and fragmentation of identity in some societies, as there are class classifications formed among them. Of the various opportunities that exist in a city, sometimes misuse that focuses on economic interest, as a result the interests of the community are ruled out because the available spaces are intended to be commercial interests that privatize public services and utilize land values by means of gentrification. A Third Place that provides a series of activities is one of the architectural responses in the development of an open society. Through the high appreciation of the community for sports and culinary as an attraction that is in accordance with the characteristics of the area, the program offered is the incorporation and development of basic activities. This project is expected to support the cultivation of skateboarding activities and similar activities such as cycling, rollerblading, and basic types of sports that can be followed by everyone, taking from the category of skating, this project promotes a dry ski program, where this program has potential in the region. Restraining the methodology of activity typology and trans-programming as well as the source of the concepts presented by Edward T. White, the project with flexible layout design creates removable dry skiing which is a dominant part of the third place program to build active communities in locations with high potential with a strong TOD system.Abstrak Duncan M. Laren dan Julian Agyeman mengatakan dalam karya penulisannya mengenai ‘sosiokultural’ yang merupakan sifat dasar manusia terjadi di mana saja namun kini semakin lama masyarakat mengalami perpecahan ketika mengenal komersial publik dan aspek ekonomi serta teknologi yang berkembang pesat. Berbagai tren yang terkait dengan hal-hal komersial perlahan menciptakan destabilisasi dan fragmentasi akan identitas pada sebagian masyarakat, maka terdapat klasifikasi kelas yang terbentuk diantaranya. Dari berbagai kesempatan yang ada dalam sebuah kota, terkadang terjadinya kesalahgunaan yang berfokuskan pada ketertarikan ekonomi, alhasil kepentingan masyarakat dikesampingkan akibat ruang-ruang yang tersedia diperuntukan menjadi commercial interest yang memprivatisasi layanan publik dan memanfaatkan value tanah dengan cara gentrifikasi. Sebuah Third place yang menyediakan serangkaian aktivitas merupakan salah satu tanggapan arsitektural dalam pembangunan masyarakat yang terbuka. Melalui apresiasi warga yang tinggi terhadap olah raga dan kuliner sebagai daya tarik yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kawasan, program yang ditawarkan ialah penggabungan dan pengembangan kegiatan dasar. Proyek ini diharapkan mendukung pembudidayaan akan kegiatan skateboard dan aktivitas serupa seperti bersepeda, sepatu roda, serta jenis olah raga basic yang dapat diikuti oleh semua orang, mengambil dari kategori olah raga seluncur, proyek ini mengangkat program dry ski, di mana program ini memiliki potensi dalam kawasan tersebut. Mengendalkan metode tipologi kegiatan dan trans-programming serta sumber konsep yang dekemukakan oleh Edward T. White, proyek dengan desain layout flexible menciptakan removable Dry ski yang menjadi bagian dominan dalam program third place untuk membangun masyarakat aktif pada lokasi yang sangat berpotensi dengan sistem TOD yang kuat. 

Three Images of “Global Community”: Theorizing Law and Community in a Multicultural World

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-79
Author(s):  
Asher Alkoby
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
International Law ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Global Community ◽  
The Third ◽  
Meaningful Role

AbstractThis article uncovers the normative commitments underlying discussions on compliance and institutional design in international law and international relations (IR) theory through an examination of the concept of “global community” in different disciplinary discourses. Three images of global community are conjured in these theoretical discussions: the pluralist, the solidarist, and the discursive. After outlining the first two and discussing the critiques waged against them, the article seeks to defend the third image, which offers an approach to global social integration that is both culturally attuned and ambitious in scope. Drawing on critical IR theory, political philosophy as well as discursive theories of law, the article argues that the proposed image of global community holds the potential to successfully resolve the inherent tension between order, justice and cultural diversity, and where international law may play a meaningful role.

The Open Society and the Democracy to Come: Bergson, Deleuze and Guattari

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Baugh
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
The People ◽  
To Come ◽  
Polar Opposite ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gain Access

In Bergsonism, Deleuze refers to Bergson's concept of an ‘open society’, which would be a ‘society of creators’ who gain access to the ‘open creative totality’ through acting and creating. Deleuze and Guattari's political philosophy is oriented toward the goal of such an open society. This would be a democracy, but not in the sense of the rule of the actually existing people, but the rule of ‘the people to come,’ for in the actually existing situation, such a people is ‘lacking’. When the people becomes a society of creators, the result is a society open to the future, creativity and the new. Their openness and creative freedom is the polar opposite of the conformism and ‘herd mentality’ condemned by Deleuze and Nietzsche, a mentality which is the basis of all narrow nationalisms (of ethnicity, race, religion and creed). It is the freedom of creating and commanding, not the Kantian freedom to obey Reason and the State. This paper uses Bergson's The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, and Deleuze and Guattari's Kafka: For a Minor Literature, A Thousand Plateaus and What is Philosophy? to sketch Deleuze and Guattari's conception of the open society and of a democracy that remains ‘to come’.

The Tyranny of the Ideal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Gaus
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Moral Inquiry ◽  
Open Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Society ◽  
Just Society ◽  
The Ideal

This book lays out a vision for how we should theorize about justice in a diverse society. It shows how free and equal people, faced with intractable struggles and irreconcilable conflicts, might share a common moral life shaped by a just framework. The book argues that if we are to take diversity seriously and if moral inquiry is sincere about shaping the world, then the pursuit of idealized and perfect theories of justice—essentially, the entire production of theories of justice that has dominated political philosophy for the past forty years—needs to change. Drawing on recent work in social science and philosophy, the book points to an important paradox: only those in a heterogeneous society—with its various religious, moral, and political perspectives—have a reasonable hope of understanding what an ideally just society would be like. However, due to its very nature, this world could never be collectively devoted to any single ideal. The book defends the moral constitution of this pluralistic, open society, where the very clash and disagreement of ideals spurs all to better understand what their personal ideals of justice happen to be. Presenting an original framework for how we should think about morality, this book rigorously analyzes a theory of ideal justice more suitable for contemporary times.

Between Specters of War and Visions of Peace

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Democracies

This book examines how ideas of war and peace have functioned as organizing frames of reference within the history of political theory. It interprets ten widely read figures in that history within five thematically focused chapters that pair (in order) Schmitt and Derrida, Aquinas and Machiavelli, Hobbes and Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche, and Thucydides and Plato. The book’s substantive argument is that attempts to establish either war or peace as dominant intellectual perspectives obscure too much of political life. The book argues for a style of political theory committed more to questioning than to closure. It challenges two powerful currents in contemporary political philosophy: the verdict that premodern or metaphysical texts cannot speak to modern and postmodern societies, and the insistence that all forms of political theory be some form of democratic theory. What is offered instead is a nontraditional defense of the tradition and a democratic justification for moving beyond democratic theory. Though the book avoids any attempt to show the immediate relevance of these interpretations to current politics, its impetus stems very much from the current political circumstances. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century , a series of wars has eroded confidence in the progressively peaceful character of international relations; citizens of the Western democracies are being warned repeatedly about the threats posed within a dangerous world. In this turbulent context, democratic citizens must think more critically about the actions their governments undertake. The texts interpreted here are valuable resources for such critical thinking.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Lewens
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current State ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Many evolutionary theorists have enthusiastically embraced human nature, but large numbers of evolutionists have also rejected it. It is also important to recognize the nuanced views on human nature that come from the side of the social sciences. This introduction provides an overview of the current state of the human nature debate, from the anti-essentialist consensus to the possibility of a Gray’s Anatomy of human psychology. Three potential functions for the notion of species nature are identified. The first is diagnostic, assigning an organism to the correct species. The second is species-comparative, allowing us to compare and contrast different species. The third function is contrastive, establishing human nature as a foil for human culture. The Introduction concludes with a brief synopsis of each chapter.

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