scholarly journals IMPACT OF Pleurotus tuber-regium (Rumph. ex Fr.) EXTRACT-LOADED NANOPARTICLES ON THYROID PROFILE OF RATS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Sukumar Dandapat ◽  

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Pleurotus tuber-regium extract loaded silver nanoparticles (SNPs) on thyroid profile of rats. Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed following up and down procedure and the analysis of thyroid profile was performed following chemiluminescence assay method. Results. Acute toxicity test showed no mortality and no behavioral changes in rats treated with 2000 mg kg-1 of SNPs. High dose (400 mg kg-1) of SNPs showed high hyper thyroid activity by increasing T3 = 38.20±4.06 ng dL-1; T4 = 4.40±0.32µg dL-1; and by decreasing TSH = 0.73±0.06µIU mL-1 compared to control group (T3 = 30.20±1.02 ng dL-1; T4 = 2.94±0.08µg dL-1; TSH = 0.87±0.01µIU mL-1) and animal group treated with 200 mg kg-1 dose of SNPs (T3 = 35.69±1.13 ng dL-1; T4 = 3.82±0.24µg dL-1; TSH = 0.80±0.02µIU mL-1). Conclusions. Pleurous tuber-regium extract loaded silver nanoparticles are non toxic and can be used in drug delivery as well as in the formulation of drugs used in hypothyroidism.

Author(s):  
VANESSA AYU SUMIRAT ◽  
IRMA MELYANI PUSPITASARI ◽  
NENI ANGGRAENI ◽  
MAS RIZKY ANGGUN ADIPURNA SYAMSUNARNO

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the hematologic profile of Wistar rats in the acute toxicity test of Cogon grass roots ethanol extract (CGEE). Methods: Cogon grass roots were dissolved in 70% ethanol. An acute toxicity test was conducted based on The National Agency of Drug and Food Control of the Republic of Indonesia. Five female rats in the treatment group were administered a single high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of CGEE in 200 μl of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and the 5 female rats in the control group were administered 200 μl of 0.5% CMC. After 14 d, blood samples were collected, and 18 hematologic parameters were measured with a hematology analyzer. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the parameters between the two groups with the independent t-test for normally distributed data and the Mann Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. Results: None of the hematologic parameters in the treatment group significantly differed from those in the control group after 14 d of observation (P>0.05). Conclusion: A single high dose of 5000 mg/kg BW of CGEE did not change the hematologic profile of Wistar rats. These results indicate that CGEE does not have an acute hemotoxic effect, at least for hematologic parameters.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Ratih D. Yudhani ◽  
Riza N. Pesik ◽  
Sarah Azzahro ◽  
Adliah F. Anisa ◽  
Rizka Hendriyani

The herb frequently used as spices or remedies in the Indonesian community, with the seed as the most common part is kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum). According to earlier evidence, this possessed antibacterial, antifungal and several biological properties, reduced blood glucose and atherogenic parameter, and is developed as standardized herbal cures. However, the application of herbal medicine requires validating evidence of safety and effectiveness, including toxicity tests, particularly in clinical settings. The target organs in this comprised hepar, due to the role in several drug metabolism. This study aimed at discovering the safety profile of kapulaga seed extract based on the hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) level, by conducting an acute toxicity test in Winstar rats. Also, this was implemented with the OECD 420 Fixed-Dose Procedure, and the preliminary test employed 300 mg/kg BW dose followed by a maximum single quantity (2000 mg/kg BW) of kapulaga. The main test was executed by a separation into control and treatment groups of 5 rats each. Therefore, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg BW kapulaga seed extract was administered to the treatment group, while the control group received standard pellets and water ad libitum. The blood from orbital vein was acquired on day 14, and SGOT and SGPT were subsequently assessed by an enzymatic-photometric method. Also, this data was analyzed using an independent sample t-test, and the mean of SGOT in both groups were 116.92±22.35 and 98.02±16.38 (p=0.17), with 58.72±8.79 and 47.64±7.30 (p=0.06) as SGPT respectively. Therefore, there was no statistical difference, and no acute toxicity signs were discovered. The maximum dose was not toxic and did not result in poisonous symptoms or alter hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) in rats.Keywords: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, acute toxicity, SGOT, SGPT  Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Biji Kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) Berdasarkan Kadar Enzim Transaminase Hepar Tikus WinstarAbstrakKapulaga (Amomum cardamomum), merupakan salah satu herbal Indonesia yang secara umum dimanfaatkan sebagai rempah-rempah maupun obat, terutama bagian biji. Beberapa bukti sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kapulaga memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis seperti antibakteri, antijamur, dan sudah dibuktikan mampu menurunkan glukosa darah dan parameter arterogenik. Bukti tersebut mendukung pengembangan kapulaga sebagai obat herbal terstandar. Penggunaan obat herbal terutama di klinik harus didukung dengan adanya bukti keamanan maupun efektivitasnya termasuk uji toksisitas. Hepar merupakan salah satu target organ dari uji toksisitas karena perannya yang penting pada metabolisme sebagian besar obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil keamanan ekstrak biji kapulaga melalui uji toksisitas akut menggunakan tikus Winstar berdasarkan kadar enzim transaminase hepar (SGOT dan SGPT). Uji toksisitas akut berpedoman pada OECD 420 Fixed Dose Procedure. Uji pendahuluan menggunakan ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis 300 mg/kg BB dan diikuti dengan dosis tinggi 2000 mg/kg BB yang diberikan secara tunggal. Uji utama dilakukan dengan membagi tikus ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan, masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 5 tikus. Berdasarkan hasil uji pendahuluan, uji utama menggunakan dosis tunggal 2000 mg/kg BB untuk kelompok perlakuan, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mendapatkan pelet dan air secukupnya. Pada hari ke-14, darah dari vena orbital diambil, lalu kadar SGOT dan SGPT diukur menggunakan metode enzymatic-photometric. Independent sample t-test digunakan untuk menilai data rata-rata kadar SGOT dan SGPT dari kedua kelompok. Rata-rata kadar SGOT pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan sebesar 116,92±22,35 dan 98,02±16,38 (p=0,17), sedangkan rata-rata SGPT sebesar 58,72±8,79 dan 47,64±7,30 (p=0,06). Perbedaan rata-rata SGOT dan SGPT pada kedua kelompok tersebut secara statistik tidak bermakna dan tidak ditemukan tanda toksisitas pada semua hewan coba. Ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis maksimal 2000 mg/kg BB tidak toksik pada hepar tikus karena tidak menimbulkan tanda toksisitas maupun mengubah enzim transaminase hati (SGOT dan SGPT). Kata kunci: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, toksisitas akut, SGOT, SGPT


Author(s):  
Akhmad Yafi Kusuma ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Hardiono Hardiono

Abstract: Toxicity Test Of Acute Industrial Waste Water On Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis Niloticus). The sasirangan industrial liquid wastes containing high ammonia and high pH when discharged into the receiving water body without treatment will result in changes in water quality and even the death of aquatic biota so that an acute toxicity test is necessary. This study aims to determine the value of LC50 from waste sasirangan against tilapiaI. This research used the experimental method of Post Control Only Control Group Design design. Samples taken as much as 100 liters of waste in one industry sasirangan existing in the city of Banjarmasin. Concentrations of the sasirangan waste solution to be used in the acute toxicity test are: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%. Parameters studied include ammonia, DO, pH, and temperature. To determine the value of LC50 using probit analysis. The results showed that LC50 for exposure time 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 14.73%, 10.21%, 8.26%, and 7.35%, respectively. The results of the analysis show that pH and ammonia content of industrial effluent sasirangan affect the death of tilapia fish. This research is hoped that the sasirangan industry does not dispose of its waste directly to the water body but needs to process it first. For further research it can complement the untested parameters such as BOD, COD, and TSS that affect fish survival.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusayo Aderonke Shorinwa ◽  
Barizonmdu Monsi

Abstract Background The unopened buds of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis is used in the treatment of anaemia and skin diseases in traditional medicine. Hence, this study aims to scientifically evaluate the effects of oral administration of the fruit extract of Harungana madagascariensis on haematological, biochemical and histological parameters in Wistar rats. Methods Phytochemical screening of the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis was carried out. Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke’s method. Sub-acute toxicity studies were done using 24 rats of both sexes which were randomized into four groups of six rats each. Animals in groups A, B, C were administered with the extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively while group D animals were given distilled water (5 mg/kg) and served as the control group. All administrations were done through the oral route for 30 consecutive days. Body weights of the animals were taken weekly during the study. The animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia and blood samples collected for evaluation of haematological (red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cell) and biochemical (alanine transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and total protein) parameters. Histological examination was conducted on the liver and kidney of the animals. Results Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroidal nucleus, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and tannins. Acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the RBC, HB, PCV and WBC of the extract treated groups when compared to the control group. There was however, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the creatinine level of the 500 mg/kg extract –treated group and the control. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in other biochemical parameters of the extract treated groups and the control group except for a marginal increase in the total protein in the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract (60 g/L) compared with control (54.80 g/L). Histopathological examination showed alterations in the morphology of the liver and kidney in extract treated groups as compared to the control groups. Conclusion The findings have revealed that the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis should be used with caution especially during prolonged usage as the histology showed it has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potentials. Further studies will be done to establish the effects of the extract on white blood cells.


Author(s):  
Sri Handayani ◽  
Riris Istighfari Jenie ◽  
Ratna Asmah Susidarti

Areca (Areca catechu L.) seeds ethanolic extract (AE) exhibits antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis on T47D and MCF-7 cells. This study aimed to verify AE safety using acute toxicity test to support its development as chemopreventive agent. Male Sprague Dawley Rat (Rattus norvegicus) age 8 weeks divided into five groups, one group of control treated with 0.5% CMC-Na only and four groups for treatment. Single dose in oral administration was done to test animal with various dose of AE starts from lowest dose to highest dose expected toxic to all of test animal (0.1; 0.72; 5.36 and 10 gram/kgBW). Observation was done during 24 hours and continued for 14 days. The observation criteria were toxic symptoms, appearance and mechanism of toxic effect and pathology of vital organ. Histopathology analysis of some vital organs was done with Haematoxyllin&Eosin (H&E) staining. Toxic effect did not appear either on treatment groups or control group. Treatment of single dose of areca ethanolic extract, even in highest dose, did not cause the death of the animals. Therefore, observation extended to 14 days and terminated by necroption of the animals. All of groups did not show histopathological alterations in microscopic observation. Category of the potential toxicity of AE is practically non-toxic, ie 10 g/kgBW. The result shows the safety of areca seed ethanolic extract which is important for its development as chemopreventive agent.Keywords: Areca catechu, acute toxicity, rat


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Ainge Rasbina Br Saragih ◽  
Fiska Maya Wardhani ◽  
Erny Tandanu ◽  
Rico Alexander

White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) is a type of plant whose extract contains compounds that can inhibit carcinogenesis. Acute toxicity test was conducted to determine the safe dose and lethal dose (LD) 50 from the use of a drug substance. This research aimed to determine the effect of the acute toxicity test of white turmeric extract on the histopathological imaging of the lungs. This study is an experimental study with a post test only control group design. A total of 30 Wistar rats was divided into six groups. Data analysis was using one-way ANOVA statistical test, while for lung histopathology using ordinal data which were analyzed descriptively. In conclusion, the acute toxicity test of white turmeric extract on Wistar rats was not toxic and there was no death and no toxic symptoms and no necrosis, congestion and inflammation were found on the histopathological picture of the lungs.


Author(s):  
Ernawati Ernawati ◽  
Veriani Aprilia ◽  
Retno Pangastuti

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Latar belakang: Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) meru[akan umbi asli Indonesia yang mengandung glucomannan. Glukomanan digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan dan suplemen makanan bagi penderita diabetes, tekanan darah tinggi, konstipasi dan penurunan berat badan. Namun, umbi porang mengandung kalsium oksalat yang menyebabkan gatal jika dikonsumsi oleh karena itu kesiapan persiapan yang tepat. Perendaman dari S. crispa in vivo  elah terbukti menurunkan kadar kalsium oksalat. Namun, kelebihan konsumsi kalsium oksalat dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi ginjal, terutama pada laju flomerasi glomerulus (GFR) dan mempengaruhi kerja ginjal, yaitu penyerapan dan kreatinin fltrasi.</p><p>Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh porang orang dengan S. crispa (keji beling) terhadap kreatinin darah dan histopatologi lambung tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar pada uji toksisitas akut.<em><br /> </em>Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan experimental with one test group, without control group. Subjek 20 tikus Wistar betina putih (Rattus norvegicus) dengan berat 110-180 gram, usia 8 - 12 minggu, sehat, dan normal. Kelompok tikus dibagi menjadi Tepung Porang Murni (TPM) dan Tepung Porang dengan ekstrak etanol S. crispa (TPK). Setiap kelompok menggunakan dosis 2000 mg / kg berat badan (BW) dan 5000 mg / kgBB. Data kadar kreatinin dikumpulkan pada 24 dan 72 jam setelah makan juga dikonfirmasikan oleh tikus lambung. Analisis data menggunakan One-Way analysis of ariance (ANOVA).</p><p>Hasil: Jenis larutan dan frekuensi perendaman tidak berpengaruh pada kadar kalsium oksalat padatepung porang, sedangkan lama perendaman tidak memberi efek. Kadar kreatinin darah tikus meningkat setelah pemberian pakan Tepung Porang  urni (TPM) dan Tepung Porang  dengan Ekstraksi Keji Beling (TPK) dengan dosis 5000 mg/kgBB.</p><p>Kesimpulan: Pemberian tepung porang dengan perlakuan ekstrak S. crispa aman sampai dosis 5000 mg/kgBW. Ini terbukti dengan normalitas waktu di tingkat kadar kreatinin.</p><p><strong><em><br /> </em>KATA KUNCI:</strong> porang umbi, kalsium oksalat, rongga, kreatinin, uji toksisitas akut.<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) tuber is the original Indonesian tuber containing glucomannan. Glucomannan is utilized as food additives and food supplements for people who have problems with diabetes, high blood pressure, constipation and weight loss. However, it contains calcium oxalate which causes itchy if it is consumed therefore itness appropriate preparation. Soaking of S. crispa in vivo has proven lowering the levels of calcium oxalate. However, the excess consumption of oxalate calcium can cause renal function disorders, especially at the </em><em>glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</em><em> </em><em>and affects the kidneys work, ie absorption and filtration creatinine.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em> The objective of this study is to know the influence of the porang flour with S. crispa (keji beling) on the level of blood creatinine and gastric histopathology of rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar on acute toxicity test.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This research used experimental with one test group, without control group design. The subjects were 20 white female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the weight of 110-180 grams, ages of 8 - 12 weeks, healthy, and normal. Rats were divided into. Native porang flour (TPM) and porang flour treated with ethanol extracts of S. crispa (TPK) groups. Each of groups used dosage  of 2000 mg / kg body weight (BW) and 5000 mg/kgBW. Data of creatininee levels were collected at 24<sup>th</sup> and 72<sup>nd</sup> hours after feeding was also confirmed by gastric rats. The data analysis was </em><em>used One-Way analysis  of variance (ANOVA) .</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Result</em></strong><strong><em>s:</em></strong><em> The type of solution and the frequency of soaking had no effect on calcium oxalate levels in the Porang, whereas the length of soaking is not giving an effect. Blood levels of creatinine rats enhanced after feeding of TPM and TPK. At the dosage of 5000 mg/kgBW.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong>The feeding of porang flour treated with <em>S. crispa  </em>was safe until the dosage of 5000 mg/kgBW. It was proven by time normality in creatinine levels.</p><p> </p><p><strong>KEYWORDS:</strong><em> porang tuber, calcium oxalate, cavity, creatinine, acute toxicity test.</em></p>


2010 ◽  
Vol 160-162 ◽  
pp. 1564-1568
Author(s):  
Guo Hong Shui ◽  
Dong Wei Li

The total amount of heavy metal in Ming and Qing dynasties smelted residue was analyzed. Also leaching solution’s acute toxicity of heavy metal in waste residue was discussed.The results showed that the residual quantity of heavy metal(zinc and plumbum) in residue was up to 6.97%. After several hundred years of lixiviation by rainwater, heavy metal (zinc and plumbum) which had released to circumstance was more than 1.71%.Heavy metal in ancient leaching has declined and Residue in Zn is only a very small part of the leaching, Pb leaching below the detection limit ,Cr, and Cd there was leachingonly a small amount .According to pre-test results, limiting test method was adopted to carry out acute toxicity test on waste residue’s leaching solution.The results of acute toxicity test showed that acute oral LD50(median lethal doses) in mice of waste residue’s leaching solution was bigger than 20ml/kg.bw. Mice in the experiment appeared no dead and no abnormal behavior. But mice significantly decreased bodyweight gain. At the end of the experiment, mice were anatomical examined for liver and kidney. No abnormal change was found. It was no significant difference compared with the control group. It showed that residual quantity of heavy metal in residue was high. Although reduce the leaching toxicity, but the acute toxicity harm still existed.


Author(s):  
Hamzah Alfarisi ◽  
Mawar Subangkit ◽  
Siti Sa’diah ◽  
Tutik Wresdiyati

This research aims to evaluate the safety of ethanolic extract of Acalypha hispida (A. hispida) leaves with acute toxicity test using 15 female rats strain Sprague-Dawley. A single dose of different doses of extract (2, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg body weight) was administrated orally, and theobservation was conducted for 14 days. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless (LD50 16 g/kg BW), did not affect body weight, and did not show clinical signs of toxicity during the observation periods. The parameters of blood serumbiochemistry of all extract-treated groups (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea) did not change significantly  compared to the control group. The histological observation of the liver showed a significant increase in eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nuclei at all doses. However, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves did not significantly affect glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule ratio, glomerular cell density, and the proportion of normal cell tubule. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless with LD5016 g/kg BW and seems to be safe in low doses (2 g/kg BW).


2020 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 01043
Author(s):  
Tutik Wresdiyati ◽  
Stephany Stephany ◽  
Ekowati Handharyani ◽  
Siti Sa’diah ◽  
Made Astawan

Acute toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the safety level of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaves extract, using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423) guideline method. The pigeon pea leaves were extracted using 96%ethanol as a solvent. A total of 9 male rats were used divided into 3 groups: 1 control group and 2 treatment groups. The rat in control group (group 1) received a single dose of distilled water while the rat in groups 2 and 3 received a single dose of pigeon pea leaves extract at doses of 300 mg/kg BW and 2000 mg/kg BW, respectively. The aquadest and extract suspension were administered orally using rat stomach tubedos. Mortality and clinical signs were examined in the first 4 hours (critical time), 24 hours, and 14 days after the treatments. The result revealed that the LD50 values of the extract was estimated at more than 5000 mg/kg BW and classified as practically nontoxic.


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