scholarly journals The structural analysis of government expenditures on the purchase of antituberculous drugs

Author(s):  
Iuliia Korzh ◽  
Tatyana Romanko ◽  
Alina Volkova ◽  
Lubov Tereshсhenko

The aim. To conduct a structural analysis of the volume of government spending on the purchase of antituberculosis drugs (anti-TB D) within 2014–2018. Materials and methods. In the study, we used information on public procurement of anti-TB D for 2014–2018 presented on the website of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in the section “Procurement of Medicines”, as well as statistical data of the “Center for Public Health of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine” on the incidence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the population. Analytical and comparative, system, and logical methods, as well as economic analysis were used. With the help of synthesis the conclusions and recommendations were formed. Results. It was found that in 2014-2018, the MDR-TB incidence rate increase had a positive dynamics in reducing the number of registered cases. For example, in 2015 this indicator was 2.56 %, and in 2018 it was -7.93 %. It was proven that public procurement of anti-TB D in physical terms was chaotic. Thus, in 2015/2014, the growth rate of anti-TB D number was 35.55 %, in 2016/2015 – -31.59 %, in 2017/2016 – 15.31 %, in 2018/2017 – 6.13 %. It was found that the dynamics of the growth rate of purchases of TB D in the national currency and USD had some differences. For example, in 2015, expenses increased by 55.02 % in the national currency, while in dollar terms this indicator decreased by 15.64 % compared to 2014. At the same time, in 2018 there was a positive trend of increasing the volume of public spending in monetary terms. Thus, in 2018, the growth rate in the national currency was 53.16 %, and in USD – 49.83 %. It was found that in the structure of public spending there was a tendency for an insignificant predominance of foreign anti-TB D. Based on the comparative analysis of government spending on groups of anti-TB D by the priority of their use in treatment regimens according to the standards it was determined that the process of anti-TB D purchasing did not meet the priority criteria for treatment. It complicates the implementation of the process of reforming TB care in connection with the construction of an outpatient model.

2014 ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Idrisov ◽  
S. Sinelnikov-Murylev

The paper analyzes the inconsequence and problems of Russian economic policy to accelerate economic growth. The authors consider three components of growth rate (potential, Russian business cycle and world business cycle components) and conclude that in order to pursue an effective economic policy to accelerate growth, it has to be addressed to the potential (long-run) growth component. The main ingredients of this policy are government spending restructuring and budget institutions reform, labor and capital markets reforms, productivity growth.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Shekar Bose ◽  
Hussein Samh Al-Masroori ◽  
Salim Darwish Salim Al-Hasani

The dynamics of physical capital stock and net investment in artisanal fisheries of Al-Seeb - a coastal fishing town of Muscat Governorate are examined covering the period 2004-2013 . Data were gathered from two sources namely the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and field survey. A hedonic regression model is used to examine the influence of boat characteristics on the boat acquisition prices and then to derive the growth rate of physical capital stock. Boat characteristics comprising of ‘age’, ‘horsepower (hp)’ and ‘length (vl)’ are found to be statistically significant at the 5% level and carry sign consistent with the economic theory of depreciation and cost respectively. While inter-annual fluctuation of net investment is observed, a positive trend in cumulative investment with an average growth rate of 7.63% is experienced in the fishery during 2004-2013. A crude assessment of the operating costs and the gross revenue of surveyed boat-owners in 2015 showed that on average monthly economic profit of 570.97±169.36SD OMR was received by individual boat-owner which complements the positive trend in cumulative investment.These findings have important management and policy implications in relation to the effective management of harvesting capacity as well as attract investment in the fishery. Finally, some limitations of the study are discussed along with the indication of potential future research.


2021 ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Reeta Chowdhari Tremblay ◽  
Namitha George

This chapter traces the history of Covid-19 in India and the government’s response. India has a long and tarnished history of reaching for emergency powers, which stretches back to the colonial period, in times of political crisis. Although India did not declare a formal constitutional emergency after its first reported case of Covid-19, within just under eight weeks, India went from “no health emergency” to a country-wide twenty-one-day lockdown. Despite a daily record jump in the number of deaths and cases each day since mid-March, India’s Ministry of Health, Family, and Welfare has consistently maintained a narrative that the growth rate of the Covid-19 cases in India has remained linear and not exponential; that its strict twenty-one-day lockdown, whose objective was preventive, has successfully slowed the spread of the virus; that India is “on the path of success and will win the war against the pandemic”; and that the two extensions of the lockdown should be considered an exit strategy. The chapter then discusses the policy instruments invoked to respond to the pandemic and examines some of the challenges and consequences resulting from them: the federal jurisdictional management of a pandemic, particularly in the treatment of informal migrant workers; and the reinforcement of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s populism and Hindutva majoritarian nationalism.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele G. Giuranno ◽  
Rongili Biswas

Abstract This paper studies the relation between internal migration and public spending on public goods. We describe centralized public policy when a central government is comprised of elected representatives from local electoral districts. Internal migration determines the median voter in the districts. The median voters decide the equilibrium policy through bargaining. We find the conditions under which voters’ mobility results in larger or smaller public spending. Furthermore, the distance between the actual size and the efficient size of government spending depends on the way internal migration changes the distribution of income within and between districts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kafayat Amusa ◽  
Mutiu Abimbola Oyinlola

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Botswana over the period 1985‒2016. The study employed the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach in investigating the nexus. The study makes the argument that the effectiveness of public spending should be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also by the type of the expenditure. The empirical findings showed that aggregate expenditure has a negative short-run and positive long-run effect on economic growth. When expenditure is disaggregated, both forms of expenditures have a positive short-run effect on economic growth, whereas only a long-run positive impact of recurrent expenditure is observed. The study suggests the need to prioritize scarce resources in productive recurrent and development spending that enables increased productivity. Design/methodology/approach This study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis is carried out on both an aggregate and disaggregated level. Government spending is divided into recurrent and development expenditures. Findings This study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis hinged on both the aggregate and disaggregated levels. The results of the aggregate analysis suggest that total public expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth in the short run; however, its impact becomes positive over the long run. On disaggregating government spending, the results show that both recurrent and development expenditures have a significant positive short-run impact on growth; however, in the long run, the significant positive impact is only observed for recurrent expenditure. Practical implications The results provide evidence of the diverse effects of government expenditure in the country. In the period under investigation, 73 percent of total government expenditure in Botswana was recurrent in nature, whereas 23 percent was related to development. From the results, it can be observed that although the recurrent expenditure has contributed to increased growth and must be encouraged, it is also pertinent for the Botswana Government to endeavor to place more emphasis on productive development expenditure in order to enhance short- and long-term growth. Further, there is a need to strengthen the growth-enhancing structures and to prioritize the scarce economic resources toward productive spending and ensuring continued proper governance over such expenditures. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of government spending in a small open, resource-reliant middle-income SSA economy and argues that the effectiveness of public spending must be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also on the type or composition of the expenditure. The study contributes to the scant empirical literature on Botswana by employing the ARDL approach to cointegration technique in estimating the long- and short-run impact of government expenditure on economic growth between 1985 and 2016.


2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1365-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina De Simone ◽  
Mariangela Bonasia ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta ◽  
Lorenzo Cicatiello

Purpose Making citizens able to monitor and evaluate public spending activities is a fundamental issue in public financial management literature. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether fiscal transparency, measured by the Open Budget Index, has an effect on public spending performance, measured by the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report data. Design/methodology/approach Research methods rely on random-effects panel regression models on a country-level panel data set of 82 world countries observed in the 2008–2015 time interval. Findings Results show that the potential positive effects of fiscal transparency are mediated by the level of democracy of the country. In detail, in democratic countries, a higher degree of disclosure of fiscal information is correlated with a higher efficiency of government spending while, in non-democratic countries, fiscal transparency does not seem to provide any effect. Social implications The results suggest that fiscal transparency can be a powerful device where politicians can be held accountable for their actions, while it could fail to provide positive results where a strong and effective vertical accountability is missing. Originality/value The novelty of the paper is twofold. First, it provides new additional evidence about the positive effect that fiscal transparency has on public spending efficiency by advancing previous research on this topic (Porumbescu, 2017; Montes et al., 2019). Second, the paper investigates conceptually and empirically how the positive effect on public spending efficiency determined by fiscal transparency depends on the degree of democracy present in the institutional environment in which fiscal information disclosure is implemented.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054
Author(s):  
L. Guglielmetti ◽  
J. Jaffré ◽  
C. Bernard ◽  
F. Brossier ◽  
N. El Helali ◽  
...  

SETTING: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment should be managed in collaboration with multidisciplinary advisory committees (consilia). A formal national Consilium has been established in France since 2005 to provide a centralised advisory service for clinicians managing MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) cases.OBJECTIVE: Review the activity of the French TB Consilium since its establishment.DESIGN: Retrospective description and analysis of the activity of the French TB Consilium.RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2016, 786 TB cases or contacts of TB cases were presented at the French TB Consilium, including respectively 42% and 79% of all the MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases notified in France during this period. Treatment regimens including bedaquiline and/or delamanid were recommended for 42% of the cases presented at the French TB Consilium since 2009. Patients were more likely to be presented at the French TB Consilium if they were born in the WHO Europe Region, had XDR-TB, were diagnosed in the Paris region, or had resistance to additional drugs than those defining XDR-TB.CONCLUSION: The French TB Consilium helped supervise appropriate management of MDR/XDR-TB cases and facilitated implementation of new drugs for MDR/XDR-TB treatment.


2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley King-Gee Tam ◽  
Kenneth Siu-Sing Leung ◽  
Gilman Kit-Hang Siu ◽  
Kwok-Chiu Chang ◽  
Samson Sai-Yin Wong ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT An in-house-developed pncA sequencing assay for analysis of pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance was evaluated using 162 archived Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates with phenotypic PZA susceptibility profiles that were well defined by analysis of Bactec MGIT 960 PZA kit and PZase activity data. Preliminary results showed 100% concordance between pncA sequencing and phenotypic PZA drug susceptibility test (DST) results among archived isolates. Also, 637 respiratory specimens were prospectively collected, and 158 were reported as MTBC positive by the Abbott Realtime MTB assay (96.3% sensitivity [95% confidence interval {CI}: 92.2% to 98.7%]; 100% specificity [95% CI: 99.2% to 100.0%]). Genotypic and phenotypic PZA resistance profiles of these 158 MTBC-positive specimens were analyzed by pncA sequencing and Bactec MGIT 960 PZA kit, respectively. For analysis of PZA resistance, pncA sequencing detected pncA mutations in 5/5 (100%) phenotypic PZA-resistant respiratory specimens within 4 working days. No pncA mutations were detected among PZA-susceptible specimens. Combining archived isolates with prospective specimens, 27 were identified as phenotypic PZA resistant with pncA mutation. Among these 27 samples, 6/27 (22.2%) phenotypic PZA-resistant strains carried novel pncA mutations without rpsA and panD mutations. These included 5 with mutations (a deletion [Del] at 383T [Del383T], Del 380 to 390, insertion of A [A Ins] at position 127, A Ins at position 407, and G Ins at position 508) in pncA structural genes and 1 with a mutation (T-12C) at the pncA promoter region. All six of these strains had no or reduced PZase activities, indicating that the novel mutations might confer PZA resistance. Additionally, 25/27 phenotypic PZA-resistant strains were confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains. As PZA is commonly used in MDR-TB treatment regimens, direct pncA sequencing will rapidly detect PZA resistance and facilitate judicious use of PZA in treating PZA-susceptible MDR-TB.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayma Aftab ◽  
Samia Afzal ◽  
Zahida Qamar ◽  
Muhammad Idrees

AbstractThe result of improper treatment has led to the rise of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This concern still exists in Pakistan. In order to save energy, time and resources an early detection of resistant cases is imperative. Thus, a treated group of 100 isolates and a control group of 56 untreated isolates were studied. PCR and gene sequencing showed mutations at codon 531 and 513 in the rpoB gene. 12% of cases showed a double mutation in the rpoB gene. katG gene showed mutations at codon 315 and 299. 28.6% of the control group cases were positive for MDR whereas 100% of the treated group were positive for MDR. This study explores the significantly increasing ratio of MDR-TB among Pakistani population. This study provides prevalent MDR mutations among Pakistanis and suggests developing such molecular assays that are time and cost effective. Importance: Pakistan is a developing country and has fourth highest incidence rate of MDR-TB. The treatment of MDR-TB is the use of second line drugs that has severe side effects as well as it requires long time span. One of the strategies to control the spread of MDR-TB is to decipher the aberrations at molecular level in order to formulate potent drugs that can treat the patients within short span of time. Determining the mutation profile of MDR in Pakistani populations will open new horizons for the improvement of drug treatment regimens to make it more effective or for the development of novel potent drugs and vaccines to better treat the drug-resistant TB. Moreover, this study will be help in disease control program.


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