scholarly journals Perceived morality of direct versus indirect harm: Replications of the preference for indirect harm effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Ziano ◽  
Yu Jie Wang ◽  
Sydney Susanto Sany ◽  
Long Ho Ngai ‎ ◽  
Yuk Kwan Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Evidential Support

Royzman and Baron (2002) demonstrated that people prefer indirect harm to direct harm: they judge actions that produce harm as a by-product to be more moral than actions that produce harm directly. In two preregistered studies, we successfully replicated Study 2 of Royzman and Baron (2002) with a Hong Kong student sample (N = 46) and an online American Mechanical Turk sample (N = 314). We found con- sistent evidential support for the preference for indirect harm phenomenon (d = 0.46 [0.26, 0.65] to 0.47 [0.18, 0.75]), weaker than effects reported in the original findings of the target article (d = 0.70 [0.40, 0.99]). We also successfully replicated findings regarding reasons underlying a preference for indirect harm (di- rectness, intent, omission, probability of harm, and appearance of harm). All materials, data, and code are available at osf.io/ewq8g.

scholarly journals Perceived morality of direct versus indirect harm: Replications of the preference for indirect harm effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Ziano ◽  
Yu Jie Wang ◽  
Sydney Susanto Sany ◽  
Gilad Feldman ◽  
Ngai Long Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Evidential Support

Royzman and Baron (2002) demonstrated that people prefer indirect harm to direct harm: they judge actions that produce harm as a by-product to be more moral than actions that produce harm directly. In two preregistered studies, we successfully replicated Study 2 of Royzman and Baron (2002) with a Hong Kong student sample (N = 46) and an online American Mechanical Turk sample (N = 314). We found consistent evidential support for the preference for indirect harm phenomenon (d = 0.46 [0.26, 0.65] to 0.47 [0.18, 0.75]), weaker than effects reported in the original findings of the target article (d = 0.70 [0.40, 0.99]). We also successfully replicated findings regarding reasons underlying a preference for indirect harm (directness, intent, omission, probability of harm, and appearance of harm). All materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/ewq8g/

Forebrain mechanisms of dreaming are activated from a variety of sources

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Solms
Keyword(s):  
Conscious State ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
State Control ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Evidential Support ◽  
Principal Objection ◽  
Sleep Control

The central question facing sleep and dream science today seems to be: What is the physiological basis of the subset of NREM dreams that are qualitatively indistinguishable from REM dreams (“apex dreams”)? Two competing answers have emerged: (1) all apex dreams are generated by REM sleep control mechanisms, albeit sometimes covertly; and (2) all such dreams are generated by forebrain mechanisms, independently of classical pontine sleep-cycle control mechanisms. The principal objection to the first answer is that it lacks evidential support. The principal objection to the second answer (which is articulated in my target article) is that it takes inadequate account of interactions that surely exist between the putative forebrain mechanisms and the well established brainstem mechanisms of conscious state control. My main response to this objection (elaborated below) is that it conflates nonspecific brainstem modulation – which supports consciousness in general – with a specific pontine mechanism that is supposed to generate apex dreaming in particular. The latter mechanism is in fact neither necessary nor sufficient for apex dreaming. The putative forebrain mechanisms, by contrast, are necessary for apex dreaming (although they are nor sufficient, in the limited sense that all conscious states of the forebrain are modulated by the brainstem).

scholarly journals The Unbearable Lightness of Finger Movements: Commentary to Doliński

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e26110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Halvor Teigen
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Cognitive Revolution

In the target article, Doliński (2018, this issue) showed that empirical studies of “real” behaviour are an almost extinct species of research, judged from articles published in the most recent volume of JPSP (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). This finding continues a trend identified by Baumeister and colleagues ten years ago. The reliance on self-reports and rating scales can hardly be explained as an aftermath of the cognitive revolution in psychology, or a preoccupation with measurements and advanced statistical analyses, as Doliński suggests, but is more compatible with the ease of collecting questionnaire data, combined with the pressure to publish large multi-study papers and to obtain approval from ethical review boards. This development is further strengthened by the accessibility of online participant pools. An informal count showed that students participating for course credit were in 2006 involved more than 90% of empirical JPSP studies, as against 22.5% in 2017. In contrast, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, non-existent in 2006, participated in 55.3% of the empirical studies published in the most recent volume. Parallel to this development the number of participants per study and the number of studies per article have vastly increased.

Caution! MTurk Workers Ahead—Fines Doubled

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Harms ◽  
Justin A. DeSimone
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Long Line ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Better Than

Landers and Behrend (2015) are the most recent in a long line of researchers who have suggested that online samples generated from sources such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) are as good as or potentially even better than the typical samples found in psychology studies. It is important that the authors caution that researchers and reviewers need to carefully reflect on the goals of research when evaluating the appropriateness of samples. However, although they argue that certain types of samples should not be dismissed out of hand, they note that there is only scant evidence demonstrating that online sources can provide usable data for organizational research and that there is a need for further research evaluating the validity of these new sources of data. Because the target article does not directly address the potential problems with such samples, we will review what is known about collecting online data (with a particular focus on MTurk) and illustrate some potential problems using data derived from such sources.

LPCD framework: Analytical tool or psychological model?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Bayesian Decision Making

AbstractThe target article uses a mathematical framework derived from Bayesian decision making to demonstrate suboptimal decision making but then attributes psychological reality to the framework components. Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) positive proposal thus risks ignoring plausible psychological theories that could implement complex perceptual decision making. We must be careful not to slide from success with an analytical tool to the reality of the tool components.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

The sense of obligation is culturally modulated

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bender
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Cross Cultural Studies

Abstract Tomasello argues in the target article that, in generalizing the concrete obligations originating from interdependent collaboration to one's entire cultural group, humans become “ultra-cooperators.” But are all human populations cooperative in similar ways? Based on cross-cultural studies and my own fieldwork in Polynesia, I argue that cooperation varies along several dimensions, and that the underlying sense of obligation is culturally modulated.

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