AB0-incompatibility of mother and fetus: the role of anti-glycan alloantibodies in the hemolytic disease of newborns

The mother and fetus incompatibility due to Rh-factor, blood group or other blood factors can lead to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDN). HDN is a clinical disease condition of the fetus and newborn as a result of hemolysis, when maternal IgG alloantibodies cross the placenta and destroy the red blood cells of the fetus and newborn. The child disease begins in utero and can dramatically increase immediately after birth. As a result, hyperbilirubinemia and anemia develop, that can lead to abortions, serious complications, or death of the neonates in the absence of proper therapy. The range of HDN has changed significantly now compared to previous decades. Half a century ago, HDN was considered an almost complete synonym of RhD-alloimmunization, and this was a frequent problem for newborns. By now due to the high effective of Rh-conflict prevention, immunological AB0-conflicts have become the most common cause of HDN. The review aimes to one of the main causes of jaundice and anemia in neonates at present, i.e. HDN due to immunological AB0-conflict of mother and newborn (AB0-HDN). The main participants of the AВ0- incompatibility mother and child are considered, namely A- and B-glycans, as well as the corresponding anti-glycan alloantibodies. Close attention is paid to the structure features of glycan alloantigens on the red blood cells of the fetus and adult. The possible correlation of the frequency and severity of HDN with the blood group of mother and child, as well as with the titer of maternal alloantibodies, has been considered. The influence of immunoglobulin G subclasses on the AB0-HDN development has been evaluated. In most cases, AB0-HDN appear when the mother has the blood group 0, and the fetus has the group A (subgroup A1) or the group B. Other rare incidences of AB0-incompatibility with severe course are occurred. As a whole the etiology of AB0-HDN is complex and the HDN severity is influenced by many factors. The authors have analyzed statistical data, as well as the prevalence of AB0-incompatibility and AB0-HDN in various regions of the world. Current approaches to the diagnosis of AB0-HDN are discussed in addition. By now the problems of AB0- HDN occurrence and developing of ways to overcome this disease remain relevant.

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OCCURRENCE OF 19S AND 7S ANTI-IGGS DURING HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS WITH STREPTOCOCCI

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.136.4.799 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 799-815 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Viktor A. Bokisch ◽

David Bernstein ◽

Richard M. Krause

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Group ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Genetic Influence ◽

Group A

All 110 rabbits immunized with Group A, A-variant, and C streptococcal vaccines produced 19S anti-IgG in addition to antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrates. 19S anti-IgG was detected by hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-blood group F antibody. Antisera of 88 of these animals were also tested for 7S anti-IgG with a coprecipitation assay. This assay is based on the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with complexes of streptococcal carbohydrate and anti-carbohydrate antibody. 50 of the 88 anti-Group C streptococcal antisera contained 7S anti-IgGs. In eight antisera the concentration was greater than 5 mg/ml. The data suggest a genetic influence on the occurrence of 7S anti-IgG. The eight rabbits which produced more than 5 mg/ml of 7S anti-IgG belonged to three related families. Moreover, there were families in which almost every member produced 7S anti-IgG and other families in which only 30% of the members manufactured 7S anti-IgG. The streptococcal vaccine was an especially efficient stimulus for the production of 19S anti-IgG, whereas the pneumococcal vaccine was much less effective in this respect. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgGs were not detected in antipneumococcal antisera, although the concentration of anti-capsular antibodies was similar to that of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in antistreptococcal antisera.

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HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN DUE TO ANTI-A AND ANTI-B

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.15.1.54 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 54-62

Author(s):

Clare N. Shumway ◽

Gerald Miller ◽

Lawrence E. Young

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Group ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Osmotic Fragility ◽

Red Cells ◽

Hemolytic Disease ◽

Abo Incompatibility

Ten infants with hemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO incompatibility were studied. In every case the investigations were undertaken because of jaundice occurring in the first 24 hours of life. The clinical, hematologic and serologic observations in the infants and the serologic findings in the maternal sera are described. Evidence is presented to show that the diagnosis of the disorder rests largely upon the demonstration of spherocytosis, increased osmotic fragility of the red cells, reticulocytosis, and hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn infant whose red blood cells are incompatible with the maternal major blood group isoantibody and against whose cells no other maternal isoantibody is demonstrable. The anti-A or anti-B in each of the maternal sera tested in this series hemolyzed A or B cells in the presence of complement. Other serologic findings in the maternal sera were less consistently demonstrated.

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Effect Of Citrullus Lanatus Juice On Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells And Liver Enzyme; An Experimental Study

Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College ◽

10.51985/jbumdc2019023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (04) ◽

pp. 257-260

Author(s):

Shahid Ali ◽

Nuzhat Sultana ◽

Muslim Abbas ◽

Zareen Naz ◽

Muhammad Akbar Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Liver Enzyme ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Post Hoc

Objective: To determine effect of citrullus lanatus juice on hemoglobin and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) level. Study design and setting: It was an experimental study conducted on healthy rabbits for sixty days in the research department of pharmacy University of Karachi. Methodology: Current study was planned to evaluate effect of Citrullus lanatus juice on red blood cells, hemoglobin and liver enzyme. 60 days study was performed at 2 different doses i.e 3and 6ml/kg on rabbits. These rabbits were from either gender and were divided into 3 groups their weight ranges from 1200 to 1800 grams. Group A is control group (Normal saline 6ml/kg), Group B is treated group (3 ml/kg), Group C is treated group (6ml/kg). After taking mean of all values they are compared with control group. Significance of mean can be estimated by Tukes Post Hoc Test. P<0.05 estimated as significant. Results: It was found that count of red blood cells rises significantly along with rise in hemoglobin level. As far as liver enzyme serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) was concerned its concentration decreases slightly. Conclusion: Citrullus lanatus juice contain ingredients which are important for RBC hemoglobin and synthesis .It also contains important antioxidants that have organoprotective role due to which SGPT level decreases even in healthy animals as compared to control groups

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ABO COMPATIBILITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE INTENSITY OF RH IMMUNIZATION

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v5.8.767.767 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 767-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. P. LUCIA ◽

MARJORIE L. HUNT

Keyword(s):

Blood Group ◽

Blood Groups ◽

Abo Blood Groups ◽

Hemolytic Disease ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Group A ◽

Obstetric Population ◽

Rh Immunization

Abstract 1. A series of 1337 obstetric cases, of which 170 were instances of sensitized Rh negative women, were studied with regard to (a) the incidence of the ABO blood groups, and (b) the incidence of ABO compatibility between the mother and child. 2. The incidence of ABO compatibility between the mother and child was found to vary with the blood group of the mother. 3. ABO compatibility between the mother and child was found to be present in 80 per cent of an unselected obstetric population in contrast to 95 per cent in a group of sensitized Rh negative women who bore infants afflicted with hemolytic disease of the newborn. 4. ABO compatibility appears to be related to the occurrence of hemolytic disease of the newborn. 5. In 120 sensitized Rh negative women who bore afflicted infants, the incidence of group A mothers was greater than expected.

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Distribution of Blood Groups in Medical Students: A Comparative Study

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v8i1.29837 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 42-46

Author(s):

Bishal Joshi ◽

Sanjit Kumar Kar ◽

Shankar Yadav ◽

Prem Kumar Yadav ◽

Narayan Bahadur Mahotra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Group ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Groups ◽

Test Method ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Human Red Blood Cells ◽

Slide Test ◽

Group B

INTRODUCTION: Blood groups depend on antigens present on the surface of red blood cells. Scientists have discovered at least 30 common antigens and hundreds of rare antigens causing antigen-antibody reaction in human red blood cells. These antigens are genetically determined and are developed in fetal life and remain unchanged till death. Many blood group systems are identified but ABO and Rh blood groups are more antigenic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed ABO and Rh blood groups of 3057 students who studied in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from 1998 AD to 2019 AD, using open slide test method. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Results of the present study indicated that the most common blood group was O (36.8%) followed by blood group B (31.1%) and blood group A (24.9%) and least common blood group was AB (7.2%) i.e. O>B>A>AB. The same sequence of ABO blood grouping was seen in both male and female. Rh positive blood group was found in 95.4% and Rh negative blood group was found in 4.6% of population. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of distribution of blood group is very important for medical students as they can serve as immediate blood donor in emergency conditions. This study can provide insight to advanced studies in future which can relate blood groups with medical conditions.

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High Frequency of Unusual ABO Alleles in Patients with Leukemia.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.2712.2712 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2712-2712

Author(s):

Marcia C.Z. Novaretti ◽

Madalena M.N.S. Pares ◽

Alexandre E. Domingues ◽

Pedro E. Dorlhiac-llacer ◽

Dalton A.F. Chamone

Keyword(s):

Blood Group ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Test Technique ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Pcr Screening ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract Background: Mutations critical for ABO group phenotypes which encode the catalytic domain of ABO glycosyltransferases have been studied in healthy blood donors. Weakening of A and B transferases have been reported in patients with leukemia, particularly those in which the myeloid lineage is involved. The purpose of this study was to use sequence specific PCR (PCR-SSP) to perform ABO genotyping of leukemic patients. Material and Methods: A total of 108 unrelated leukemic patients were initially classified serologically using tube test technique and gel test for ABO typing and subgroup detection. Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood cells. All samples were then screened by 32 different PCR-SSP, each specific for a single nucleotide variation to screen 16 known polymorfic sites of exons 6 and 7 (modified from Seltsam, Transfusion 2003,43(4):428–39. Results: The results of PCR screening were conclusive and consistent with the ABO phenotypes in 71 patients (65.07%). Common ABO alleles were found in only 15 (13.8%) of patients studied. Unusual ABO alleles were found in 26 of 28 blood group O patients (ABO*O05, ABO*O21, ABO*O30, ABO*O33, ABO*O35, ABO*O36, ABO*O43 and ABO*O45), in 20 of 43 blood group A patients (ABO*A103, ABO*A104, ABO*A106, ABO*A202, ABO*A203), in 8 of 10 blood group B patients (ABO*B104, ABO*B105) and in 2 of 4 AB blood group patients (ABO*Bx01, ABO*B103). In 37 patients (34.2%), PCR screening revealed allele combinations that were incompatible with known ABO allele combinations or subgroups predicted by serologic analysis. Conclusion: This is the first report of using PCR-SSP for ABO genotyping of leukemic patients. The pathophysiologic role of unusual ABO allele combinations in patients with leukemia warrants further investigation.

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