scholarly journals Nanoparticles in inhibiting Pantoea ananatis and to control maize white spot

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgana Coelho Mamede ◽  
Raquel Pinheiro Mota ◽  
Anielle Christine Almeida Silva ◽  
Nilvanira Donizete Tebaldi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Pantoea Ananatis ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Progress Curve

ABSTRACT: Maize white spot (MWS) caused by Pantoea ananatis is one main maize leaf diseases, and nanoparticles (NPs) are an innovative approach for bacterial disease control. This research evaluated the toxicity of pure NPs and doped NPs with different elements in inhibiting bacterial growth and to control MWS. Pure NPs and ZnO NPs doped with silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) at different concentrations were used to determine the toxicity for P. ananatis in vitro, evaluating the bacterial growth inhibition zone. To assess the control of MWS, in the preventive application, maize plants were sprayed with NPs of ZnO:0.1Cu, ZnO:0.05Fe, ZnO:0.2Mn and ZnO:0.7Ni at 10, 5 or 2.5 mg mL-1, and after 3 days, the plants were inoculated with bacterial suspension. To assess the curative application, plants were inoculated with the bacteria, and 3 days later sprayed with the NPs. The disease severity was assessed and the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The doped ZnO NPs with different elements, and at different concentrations inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. NPs of ZnO:0.1Cu and ZnO:0.2Mn at 5 or 2.5 mg mL-1, in both applications reduced the severity of MWS, showing potential for use in the disease management.

scholarly journals STUDI BACILLUS FIRMUS SEBAGAI KANDIDAT PROBIOTIK DALAM MENGHADAPI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA MEDIA BUDIDAYA The Study of Bacillus firmus as Probiotic Candidate in Supressing Aeromonas hydrophila in Culture Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Alfabetian Harjuno Condro Haditomo ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti ◽  
Widanarni Widanarni
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Bacillus Firmus ◽  
Culture Methods

ABSTRAK   Pengendalian penyakit bakterial yang umum dilakukan dengan pemakaian antibiotik atau  bahan kimia sudah tidak diperbolehkan lagi karena menimbulkan patogen yang resisten  terhadap bahan kimia tersebut, terlebih jika penggunaan tidak sesuai dengan anjuran yang diberikan. Dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan konsumen berupa residu antibiotik juga menjadi pertimbangan yang harus diperhatikan. Manipulasi terhadap populasi mikroba yang berada di perairan guna pencegahan sebelum terjadinya serangan bakteri yang bersifat mematikan perlu dilakukan sebagaimana konsep probiotik sebagai biokontrol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji kandidat probiotik dalam menekan atau menghambat bakteri patogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini dilaksananakan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah tahap pengujian bakteri kandidat probiotik secara in vitro menggunakan metode zona hambat dan kultur bersama pada media agar.  Tahap kedua adalah uji tentang bakteri kandidat probiotik dengan patogen pada media budidaya. Hasil terbaik penelitian tahap pertama pada  uji kultur bersama antara kandidat probiotik B. firmus dengan A. hydrophila pada skala in vitro adalah dengan penambahan probiotik  B. firmus sebanyak 108 cfu/ml. Sedangkan pada penelitian tahap kedua didapatkan hasil berturut-turut perlakuan D dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) mencapai 90%, perlakuan C dengan SR 75%, perlakuan A dengan SR 50% dan perlakuan K dengan SR 50%.   Kata kunci: Bacillus firmus, probiotik, Aeromonas hydrophila, media budidaya   ABSTRACT  Controlling bacterial disease with the use of antibiotics or chemicals is no longer allowed as it results in pathogens that are resistant to the chemicals, especially when not in accordance with the recommendations provided. The negative impactsof the antibiotics residues on the consumers’ health  also need to be considered. Manipulation of microbial populations present in the waters as preventation before the lethal attack of bacteria needs to be done which is in accordance with the concept of probiotics as biocontrol.The purpose of this study was to test the probiotic candidates in suppressing or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to test a candidate probiotic bacteria in vitro using culture methods and inhibition zone on the media together. The second stage wasto test candidate probiotic bacteria to pathogens on the cultivation media. The best results in the first phase of the research is shared culture test between probiotic candidate B. FIRMUS with A. hydrophila on vitro scale is the addition of the probiotic B. FIRMUS 108 cfu / ml. While in the second phase of the research results obtained successively: treatment D with a survival rate (SR) reaches 90%, treatment C with SR 75%, treatment A with SR 50% and treatment K with SR 50%. Keywords: Bacillus FIRMUS, probiotics, Aeromonas hydrophila, media cultivation

scholarly journals Commercial Biocontrol Agents Reveal Contrasting Comportments Against Two Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Cereals: Fusarium Graminearum and Fusarium Verticillioides

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Pellan ◽  
Noël Durand ◽  
Véronique Martinez ◽  
Angélique Fontana ◽  
Sabine Schorr-Galindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of commercialized biological control agents (BCAs) against two major mycotoxigenic fungi in cereals, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, which are trichothecene and fumonisin producers, respectively. With these objectives in mind, three commercial BCAs were selected with contrasting uses and microorganism types (T. asperellum, S. griseoviridis, P. oligandrum) and a culture medium was identified to develop an optimized dual culture bioassay method. Their comportment was examined in dual culture bioassay in vitro with both fusaria to determine growth and mycotoxin production kinetics. Antagonist activity and variable levels or patterns of mycotoxinogenesis inhibition were observed depending on the microorganism type of BCA or on the culture conditions (e.g., different nutritional sources), suggesting that contrasting biocontrol mechanisms are involved. S. griseoviridis leads to a growth inhibition zone where the pathogen mycelium structure is altered, suggesting the diffusion of antimicrobial compounds. In contrast, T. asperellum and P. oligandrum are able to grow faster than the pathogen. T. asperellum showed the capacity to degrade pathogenic mycelia, involving chitinolytic activities. In dual culture bioassay with F. graminearum, this BCA reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 48% and 72%, respectively, and by 78% and 72% in dual culture bioassay against F. verticillioides. P. oligandrum progressed over the pathogen colony, suggesting a close type of interaction such as mycoparasitism, as confirmed by microscopic observation. In dual culture bioassay with F. graminearum, P. oligandrum reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 79% and 93%, respectively. In the dual culture bioassay with F. verticillioides, P. oligandrum reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 49% and 56%, respectively. In vitro dual culture bioassay with different culture media as well as the nutritional phenotyping of different microorganisms made it possible to explore the path of nutritional competition in order to explain part of the observed inhibition by BCAs.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE DRUG FUMIOD IN RESPECT TO ISOLATES OF CON-DITIONALLY PATHOGENIC MICRO-FLORA FROM ANIMALS WITH SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
V.A. Kuzmin ◽  
◽  
L.S. Vogel ◽  
A.A. Sukhinin ◽  
S.A. Makavchik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glutaraldehyde Solution ◽  
Microbial Growth Inhibition

The purpose of the work is to study the anti-microbial activity of fumigation aerosols of the Fumiyod preparation using bactericidal blocks against isolates of opportunistic mi-croflora from calves and piglets with signs of infectious respiratory diseases. The work was carried out on livestock and pig farms of Volosovsky district of the Leningrad region. Samples of biomaterial (nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal swabs) were taken from dis-eased animals to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to the studied iodine-containing Fumiyod preparation (experiment) and 1% glutaraldehyde solution (control). The biomaterial was plated on elective nutrient media (milk-yolk-salt agar, blood agar, Endo medium, yolk-salt agar). Cultures of microorganisms (Klebsiella pneumonia, Str.pneumoniae, St. aureus, Pro-teus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli), yeast were isolated from washouts from the nasal cavity and nasopharyngial washings from calves and piglets with symp-toms of bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, bronchitis, rhinitis albicans) and fungi (Mucor sp., Aspergillus fumigatus). Using paper discs, it was found that the Fumiyod preparation in the form of fumigation aero-sols, used in the form of bactericidal check-ers, has a high bactericidal activity in vitro (microbial growth inhibition zone of more than 15 mm) in relation to all microflora isolates from calves and pigs with signs of respiratory diseases, which manifested by a wide range of antimicrobial and antimycotic effects. The final concentration of the Fumiyod preparation was revealed for the active active substance - 0.20 g / m3, in which a wider spectrum of its antimicrobial (growth suppression zone within 26-32 mm) and antimycotic (growth suppression zone within 27-31 mm ) actions com-pared with 1% glutaraldehyde (control), respective-ly, in the range of 20-25 mm and 21-24 mm.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Sheath Blight Disease of Rice by using Antagonistic Bacteria

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Bashar ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MN Uddin ◽  
MN Begum
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

The study was made to detect and identify antagonistic bacteria to control Rhizoctonia solani, a causal organism of sheath blight (ShB) disease of rice. Isolation of antagonistic bacteria was done from ShB infected rice leaf collected from the districts of Gazipur, Rajshahi, Bogra and Comilla. Fifty isolates of bacteria were isolated. These isolates were tested for antagonism against ShB pathogen of in PDA medium. Among the isolates of antagonistic bacteria (both fluorescent and non fluorescent), eleven produced more than 15 mm inhibition zone, were selected for this study. Remarkable inhibition zone producing ten isolates were selected to observe their antagonistic behaviour by soaking the sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani and rice seedlings in different hours into bacterial suspension of 3.84 x 107 CFU/ml. Both the in vitro and in vivo rom showed that the sclerotial germination and sheath blight symptom expression were delayed 6-9 days. Soaking of both seedlings and sclerotia with the test bacteria was found most effective to control ShB (38% - 100%) than soaking of seedlings alone with bacterial suspension at different hours. However, BanShbFPS5 (2)B, BanShb738(3), BanShb738(2) and BanShb581(1), the four antagonistic bacterial isolates could be applied as biological agent to control sheath blight disease of rice and they could control sheath blight disease development and could delay the epidemics of the disease. Key words: Biological control; Sheath blight disease; Rhizoctonia solani; Antagonistic bacteria DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i3.6529Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(3), 225-232, 2010

scholarly journals KEEFEKTIFAN EKSTRAK MENGKUDU PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI RALSTONIA SP. SECARA IN VITRO

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Efri Efri ◽  
Titik Nur Aeny
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Effectivity of  Morinda citrifolia extract on in-vitro growth inhibition of Ralstonia sp.  Morinda citrifolia has been known as one of plants having numerous medicinal properties.  Extract of the fruits shows antibacterial activity against several bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  The purpose of this study was to observe inhibitor effect of  M. citrifolia fruit extract, and to investigate the effect of different concentrations of  M. citrifolia fruit extract on in-vitro growth of  Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) sp., the causal agent of banana bacterial wilt disease in Lampung.  Inhibition effect of  M. citrifolia was determined by the presence of inhibition zone, and concentration effect was determined by the diameter of  inhibition zone . The study consisted of two experiments.  The treatments of the first experiment were three different kinds of fruit extract, namely the whole fruit, the seeds, and the fleshy parts, and the second one consisted of six different levels of extract concentrations.  The results showed that the whole fruit extract was the most effective as an in-vitro growth inhibitor, and the higher the concentration level the higher the growth inhibition zone formed.

scholarly journals Action of methicillin on the "in vitro" growth of bacteria Staphyloccocus aureus methicillin-resistance previously treated with homeopathic dilutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Tania Aguiar Passeti ◽  
Leandro Ribeiro Bissoli ◽  
Registila Libania Beltrame E Fernando Fonsceca
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Staphyloccocus Aureus ◽  
New Strategies

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes nosocomial infections, and it has been considered as a worldwide epidemic. The medical system seeks new strategies to fight against MRSA that do not generate resistant strains to antibiotics. Homeopathy has been explored as one of these new strategies, which may play a pivotal role. In this context, we conducted studies on the action of homeopathy on growth of MRSA bacteria in vitro. The results showed a decrease in growth of bacterial strains with homeopathic dilutions of Belladonna and the S. aureus nosode. Now we have proposed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotic methicillin or oxacillin on S. aureus MRSA, previously incubated with the homeopathic dilutions of Belladonna or S. aureus nosode. Methods: The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014) standards were followed according to the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In 5 mL of cation adjusted Mueller Hinton (CAMH) broth, it was added 420 µl of 30% alcohol or Belladonna and S. aureus’ nosode in the dilutions 6cH, 12cH and 30cH. Then a 20µl of bacterial suspension of MRSA was added to 0.5 McFarland range and diluted to 1/10. The tubes were incubated in an oven at 37⁰C for three hours. The plates were previously prepared with 50µl per well of serial dilutions of the antibiotic oxacillin in concentrations of 128 µg/mL to 0.5 µg/mL in CAMH broth. Then it was added 50 µl per well of bacterial cultures. The plate was incubated in an oven at 37⁰C for 24 hours and the bacterial growth measured in a spectrophotometer 600nm. The point of the MIC of oxacillin for S. aureus is 4 µg/mL, according to CLSI 2014 criteria. Results: We did not observe the total inhibition of bacterial growth when incubated with the homeopathic medicine and oxacillin. In evaluation of the spectrophotometer culture, we observed significant changes in the growth, compared to the control (30% alcohol). Cultures treated with Belladonna 6cH and the antibiotic in the dilution 4 µg/mL showed a decrease of 40% of the growth, while in the 30cH the drop was of 75%. Cultures treated with the S. aureus nosode 30cH and the antibiotic at 4 µg/mL dilution, showed a decrease of 60% in bacterial growth in vitro. Conclusion: The results suggest that bacterial cultures the S. aureus (MRSA) incubated with the homeopathic medicines would be more susceptible to oxacillin’s antimicrobial action.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) Methanolic Extracts against Strains of Enterococcus faecalis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Arévalo-Híjar ◽  
Miguel Ángel Aguilar-Luis ◽  
Stefany Caballero-García ◽  
Néstor Gonzáles-Soto ◽  
Juana Del Valle-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Objective. To evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of 2 methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera against strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) in vitro. Methods. The methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera were prepared in vitro. The antibacterial effect of the extracts against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the agar diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method and the cytotoxicity using the cellular line MDCK. Results. The methanolic extract with the most antibacterial effect during the first 24 and 48 hours against Enterococcus faecalis was Moringa oleifera, evidencing a growth inhibition zone of 35.5 ± 1.05 and 44.83 ± 0.98, respectively. The MIC for both extracts was 75 µg/ml. The bactericidal effect of the Azadirachta indica extract was found at a concentration of 25 µg/ml and a concentration of 75 µg/ml for Moringa extract. Conclusions. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera both have an antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis strains during the first 24 and 48 hours. None of the extracts exhibited toxicity against the cell lines under low concentrations.

scholarly journals Neem (Azadirachta indicaA. Juss) Oil to Tackle EnteropathogenicEscherichia coli

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Del Serrone ◽  
Chiara Toniolo ◽  
Marcello Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Significant Difference

Neem (Azadirachta indicaA. Juss) oil (NO) was assayed against forty-eight isolates ofEscherichia coliby standardised disc diffusion test and microdilution test. By molecular biology characterization, fourteen isolates resulted in diarrheagenicE. coliwith sixteen primer pairs that specifically amplify unique sequences of virulence genes and of 16S rRNA. The NO showed biological activity against all isolates. The bacterial growth inhibition zone by disc diffusion method (100 µL NO) ranged between 9.50 ± 0.70 and 30.00 ± 1.00 mm. The antibacterial activity was furthermore determined at lower NO concentrations (1 : 10–1 : 10,000). The percent of growth reduction ranged between 23.71 ± 1.00 and 99.70 ± 1.53. The highest bacterial growth reduction was 1 : 10 NO concentration with 50 µL of bacterial suspension (ca. 1 × 106 CFU/mL). There is significant difference between the antibacterial activities against pathogenic and nonpathogenicE. coli, as well as NO and ciprofloxacin activities. Viable cells after the different NO concentration treatments were checked by molecular biology assay using PMA dye. On the basis of the obtained results, NO counteractsE. coliand also influences the virulence ofE. coliviable cells after NO treatment. The NO metabolomic composition was obtained using fingerprint HPTLC.

scholarly journals Infestation of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with Neotyphodium coenophialum and its influence on growth of chosen microorganisms in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Pańka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Neotyphodium Coenophialum ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone

Occurrence of <i>Neotyphodium coenophialum</i> in tall fescue cultivars cultivated in Poland and determination an endophyte inhibition effect on mycelium growth of chosen microorganisms <i>in vitro</i> were investigated. Seventeen seed lots of 11 cultivars of tall fescue were examined. The endophyte mycelium was dyed with bengal rose and microscopically examined to detect <i>N. coenophialum</i>. Occurrence of endophyte was checked with PCR method. Influence of endophyte on growth of 15 microorganisms was established in the laboratory conditions on Petri dishes with PDA medium at 10, 20 and 30<sup>°</sup>C. <i>Neotyphodium coenophialum</i> occurred only in two seed lots, 'Barrocco' - 42% and Terros - 2%. Living mycelium of endophyte was isolated only from 'Barrocco'. The highest mycelium growth inhibition of <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i>, <i>Fusarium avenaceum</i>, <i>F. equiseti</i>, <i>Microdochium nivale</i> and <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i> by endophyte at 30<sup>°</sup>C was recorded. The highest width of growth inhibition zone (4mm) was detected for the last pathogen. Mycelium growth of <i>B. sorokiniana</i> and <i>M. nivale</i> was not inhibited at 10<sup>°</sup>C, and for <i>F. avenaceum</i> at 10 and 20<sup>°</sup>C.

scholarly journals New, Biocompatible, Chitosan-Gelled Microemulsions Based on Essential Oils and Sucrose Esters as Nanocarriers for Topical Delivery of Fluconazole

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Lavinia Vlaia ◽  
Ioana Olariu ◽  
Ana Maria Muţ ◽  
Georgeta Coneac ◽  
Vicenţiu Vlaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Sucrose Esters ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Formulation Variables

Biocompatible gel microemulsions containing natural origin excipients are promising nanocarrier systems for the safe and effective topical application of hydrophobic drugs, including antifungals. Recently, to improve fluconazole skin permeation, tolerability and therapeutic efficacy, we developed topical biocompatible microemulsions based on cinnamon, oregano or clove essential oil (CIN, ORG or CLV) as the oil phase and sucrose laurate (D1216) or sucrose palmitate (D1616) as surfactants, excipients also possessing intrinsic antifungal activity. To follow up this research, this study aimed to improve the adhesiveness of respective fluconazole microemulsions using chitosan (a biopolymer with intrinsic antifungal activity) as gellator and to evaluate the formulation variables’ effect (composition and concentration of essential oil, sucrose ester structure) on the gel microemulsions’ (MEGELs) properties. All MEGELs were evaluated for drug content, pH, rheological behavior, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro drug release and skin permeation and antifungal activity. The results showed that formulation variables determined distinctive changes in the MEGELs’ properties, which were nevertheless in accordance with official requirements for semisolid preparations. The highest flux and release rate values and large diameters of the fungal growth inhibition zone were produced by formulations MEGEL-FZ-D1616-CIN 10%, MEGEL-FZ-D1216-CIN 10% and MEGEL-FZ-D1616-ORG 10%. In conclusion, these MEGELs were demonstrated to be effective platforms for fluconazole topical delivery.

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