scholarly journals The utility of Bambusoideae (Poaceae, Poales) leaf blade anatomy for identification and systematics

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Leandro ◽  
R. T. Shirasuna ◽  
T. S. Filgueiras ◽  
V. L. Scatena
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Herbaceous Bamboos ◽  
Stomatal Apparatus ◽  
Woody Bamboos

Abstract Bambusoideae is a diverse subfamily that includes herbaceous (Olyreae) and woody (Arundinarieae and Bambuseae) bamboos. Species within Bambusae are particularly difficult to identify due to their monocarpic lifecycle and the often long durations between mass flowering events; whereas the herbaceous bamboos are pluricarpic, but often are found with no reproductive structures. The leaf blade anatomy of 16 sympatric species of native Brazilian bamboos (Olyreae and Bambuseae) from the Atlantic Rainforest was studied in order to detect useful features for their identification. All the studied species share the following features: epidermis with a single stratum of cells; adaxial bulliform cells; mesophyll with arm cells, rosette cells, and fusoid cells; and collateral vascular bundles. Herbaceous bamboos share two features: papillae scattered on the abaxial surface and parallel-sided arrays of bulliform cells; whereas woody bamboos share: centrally organized papillae and fan-shaped arrays of bulliform cells. Also within the woody bamboos, intercostal fibers and a midrib with only one vascular bundle (simple midrib) characterize the subtribe Arthrostylidiinae; whereas a midrib with more than one vascular bundle (complex midrib) and a stomatal apparatus with two pappilae per subsidiary cell characterize the subtribe Chusqueinae. There are also diagnostic features for the sampled species, such as: papillae shape, and the outline and structure of the midrib. An identification key for all the studied species is provided based on the anatomical features.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional anatomy of leaf blade and leaf sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
SN Sima ◽  
AK Roy ◽  
MT Akther ◽  
N Joarder
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

Histology of leaf blade and sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.) Beauv., indicated typical C4 Kranz anatomy. Cells of adaxial epidermis were smaller and bulliform cells were present on the adaxial epidermis. The shape of bulliform cells was bulbous; 3-7 cells were present in a group and 3-5 folds larger than epidermal cells. Three types of vascular bundles in respect of size and structure were extra large, large and small and they were part of leaf blade histology. These three sizes of vascular bundles were arranged in successive manner from midrib to leaf margin. Leaf sheath bundles were of two types: large and small. Extra large bundles were flanked by five small and four large bundles but small bundles were alternate found to be with large typed bundles. Extra large bundles were of typical monocotyledonous type but the large type had reduced xylem elements and the small typed was found to be transformed into treachery elements. Small be bundles occupied half the thickness of the flat portion of leaf blade topped by large bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis. Extra large and large bundle had been extended to upper and lower epidermis. Kranz mesophyll completely encircled the bundle sheath and radiated out into ground tissue. Midrib was projected in abaxial direction and had a central vascular bundle with large and small bundles on either side of it along the abaxial regions. The midrib vascular bundle was devoid of chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and was of non-Kranz type. Continuous sub-epidermal sclerenchyma girders were noted as adaxial hypodermis. Anatomical traits exhibited an important adaptive defense against draught and saline stress of the plant. Quantitative measurement of various anatomical traits indicated strong variations among them.J. bio-sci. 25: 17-26, 2017

Anatomy of Culcita macrocarpa

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Taxonomic Position ◽  
Transverse Orientation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
First Time ◽  
Silica Crystals

The anatomy of Culcita macrocarpa Presl., the taxonomic position of which has been in dispute, is described in detail for the first time. The stem is solenostelic. Important diagnostic features are the presence of cubical cells with silica crystals in both cortex and pith, and a transverse orientation of some of the sieve cells. Each petiole has a U-shaped vascular bundle. Stomata are of the syndetocheilic type with one subsidiary cell. The indusium has abaxial and adaxial lips which are structurally dissimilar. Anatomical characteristics of the species justify its inclusion in the Cyatheaceae (sensu Holttum and Sen, 1961), and show close relationship with Thyrsopteris.

The translocation of photosynthetically assimilated 14C in corn

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1435-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hofstra ◽  
C. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Corn Plants

A detailed study was made of translocation of photosynthetically assimilated 14C in 3- to 6-week-old corn plants. Corn assimilated 14C via malate and aspartate, and incorporated most of the 14C into sucrose, the only translocation compound. Lowering the temperature from 26° to 8 °C delayed the incorporation of 14C into sucrose, but had no effect on the distribution of 14C among the intermediates. Recent 14C assimilate was translocated very rapidly from the fed area, the amount remaining in the fed area decreasing logarithmically with time. The translocate moved down the vascular bundle it entered in the fed area, with no detectable lateral movement. The logarithmic profile in the leaf blade appeared to be the result of a temporary accumulation of the labelled pulse in the separate vascular bundles. This accumulation of sucrose in the veins could be eliminated by cutting out the fed area. Between 80 and 90% of the assimilated 14C was translocated from the fed area of the leaf in 24 hours with 50% moved out in the first 30 minutes. Both the rate of translocation and the total amount moved out of the fed area increased as the temperature was changed over the range 7 to 26 °C. Each leaf of young corn plants both imported assimilates from and exported assimilates to all other parts of the plant.

Origin of inverted vascular bundles in winged leaves of Scleria plusiophylla (Cyperaceae)

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 893-899
Author(s):  
Kátia Arenhart Hoss ◽  
Rafael Trevisan ◽  
Ana C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Transition Region ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Normal Differentiation

The genus Scleria P.J. Bergius is pantropical, occurs in various habitats such as forests, fields, and wetlands, and is morphologically diverse. Some species have a winged sheath, which remains on the leaf blade and forms the last pair of costae. Anatomical observations of leaf blades of Scleria plusiophylla Steud. revealed the presence of inverted vascular bundles in the region of the wing. During the development of the shoot apical meristem of S. plusiophylla, it was observed that the wing emerges through divisions and enlargement of protoderm cells of the abaxial surface and subsurface cells (ground meristem) of the sheath. The ground meristem, from both sides of the sheath, gives rise to the procambial strands, which have normal differentiation. Subsequently, in the transition region between the sheath and the leaf blade, the growth of the sheath ends and the development of the leaf blade continues with the wings remaining adnate to the blade and initially folded towards the dorsal surface. As the leaf blade develops, the wings gradually unfold. Bulliform cells on the abaxial surface of the epidermis, which marked the beginning of the wing, and inverted vascular bundles intercalated with normal vascular bundles, are also observed. It was concluded that all of the bundles in the wing of the leaf blade have normal development and follow the orientation of development related to the side of the sheath from which they were initially derived, resulting in vascular bundles with different phloem positions.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics and proportion of leaf blade tissues of elephant grass clones under sheep grazing

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1268-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Leal Viana ◽  
Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello ◽  
Adriana Guim ◽  
Mário de Andrade Lira ◽  
José Carlos Batista Dubeux Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Vascular Sheath

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize morphologically elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes and to estimate their proportions of leaf blade tissues under grazing. Two tall varieties (Elephant B and IRI-381) and three short ones (Mott, Taiwan A-146 2.37, and Taiwan A-146 2.114) were evaluated under intermittent sheep grazing as to the following morphological characteristics: plant height, internode length, and leaf blade/culm ratio. Moreover, the proportions of the following leaf blade tissues were estimated: sclerenchyma, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, bulliform cells, vascular bundles, phloem, vascular sheath, xylem, and mesophyll. The short varieties were 28.6% shorter than the tall ones and showed higher leaf blade/culm ratio; Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.114 had the shortest internodes of 3.9 and 4.7 cm, respectively, over ten grazing cycles. The clones differed regarding their proportions of leaf blade tissues, except for abaxial epidermis, phloem, and xylem. The differences in morphological characteristics indicate that the short clones Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.114 are better adapted to sheep grazing, and, therefore, may be recommended for the improvement of pastures.

scholarly journals Leaf blade and midrib anatomy of two sugarcane cultivars of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Joarder ◽  
AK Roy ◽  
SN Sima ◽  
K Parvin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Sugarcane Cultivar ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Sheath Cells

Context: Kranz anatomy of locally developed sugarcane cultivars were studied in relation to C4 vascular arrangement.   Objective: The objective of this study was to make gross cross-sectional anatomy and quantitative assessment of the anatomic traits of the leaf-blade and midrib of the sugarcane cultivars.   Materials and Methods: Leaf blade and leaf sheath of two sugarcane cultivars Ishurdi 20 and Ishurdi 32 were used as the materials. Free hand section with appropriate stain were used. Sections were studied using an advanced biological system microscope fitted with motic camera. Anatomic traits were studied through motic image plus J 1.0 software using Macintosh computer.   Results: Three sized vascular bundles and significant differences in distance between those vascular bundles were noted. Ishurdi 32 possessed two sized vascular bundles. Large vascular bundles characters by two large metaxylem vessels on either side of protoxylem. Phloem well developed. Intermediate and small bundles lack metaxylem vessels and protoxylem, but have metaphloem with thick and thin walled sieve tubes. Bundle sheaths have extended to upper and lower epidermis but for small bundle it is extended to abaxial epidermis. Vascular bundles are almost completely surrounded by chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and associated with hypodermal sclerenchyma on both abaxially and adaxially except small blade bundles which associated with the abaxial sclerenchyma. Bundle sheath cells were smaller in large and larger in other two types of vascular bundle. An inner mestome sheath with thickened walls is always present round the phloem and metaxylem around all or part of the xylem in large and intermediate bundles. In small bundles mestome sheath is altogether absent. Bulliform cells with varied area were present on the adaxial epidermis opposite to small vascular bundles. Midrib anatomy consists of central large vascular bundles lacking bundle sheath cells pushed deep inside parenchymatous hypodermis from abaxial hypodermal sclerenchyma girders. Lack of Kranz traits, and bundle sheath cells have transformed into sclerenchymatous bundle cover. Central mid-rib large bundle flanked by 3-10 small bundles on either side of midrib which have Kranz system of anatomy. Midrib region have continuous hypodermis consists of sclerenchyma cells and it is few layer (Ishurdi 32) to multilayer (Ishurdi 20).   Conclusion: Kranz system with well developed bundle sheath associated with Kranz mesophil in the leaf blade were observed but Kranz tissue absent in midrib region. Large and small vascular bundles alternate all alone the leaf blade. Bulliform cell well develop indicates zeric adaptation. Two cultivars differ in respect of quantitative expression of Kranz tissue.   Keywords: Sugarcane cultivar; Kranz tissue; bulliform cells; mestome sheath. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8778 JBS 2010; 18(0): 66-73

Proposal for an Expanded Distichlis (Poaceae, Chloridoideae): Support from Molecular, Morphological, and Anatomical Characters

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester L. Bell ◽  
Travis J. Columbus
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Dispersal Events

The Distichlis clade comprises Distichlis (7 species), Monanthochloë (2), and Reederochloa (1). All species except D. distichophylla (endemic to Australia) and D. spicata (widespread in the New World) are restricted either to North or South America. We investigated phylogenetic relationships within the clade using chloroplast (trnL–F and ndhF) and nuclear ribosomal (internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S) DNA sequences. We also studied lemma micromorphology, leaf blade anatomy, macromorphology, and biogeography in a phylogenetic context. The Distichlis clade is strongly supported in the molecular analyses. A morphological synapomorphy for the clade is the presence of a single papilla on the center of each subsidiary cell of lemma stomata. Other diagnostic features include dioecy, rhizomes or stolons, conspicuously distichous leaves, 5–13 lemma nerves, dumbbell- or flask-shaped bicellular microhairs with sunken basal cells, and growth in alkaline or saline soils. The nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies indicate that Monanthochloë and Reederochloa are nested within a paraphyletic Distichlis, and a number of structural characters, including leaf blade length, number of spikelets per inflorescence, and number of florets per spikelet, also fall within the range of variation in Distichlis. Therefore, we propose expanding the circumscription of Distichlis to include Monanthochloë and Reederochloa, and make the following new combinations: Distichlis acerosa, D. eludens, and D. littoralis. Biogeographical analysis revealed that the group likely originated in North America followed by a number of long-distance dispersal events, including back dispersals.

Leaf anatomy of the South African Danthonieae (Poaceae). V. Merxmuellera macowanii, M. davyi and M. aureocephala

Bothalia ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 493-500
Author(s):  
R. P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
South African ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
The South ◽  
Species Groups

Transverse sections and abaxial epidermal scrapes, of herbarium and freshly fixed leaf blade material, of Merxmuellera macowanii (Stapf) Conert, M. davyi (C. E. Hubb.) Conert and M. aureocephala (J. G. Anders.) Conert, were examined using light microscopy. The leaf anatomy o f these three species is very similar in all respects with the exception o f certain  M. aureocephala specimens. In addition, the anatomy indicates a relationship between these three species and M. disticha (Nees) Conert. This group of species differs anatomically from M. stricta (Schrad.) Nees, and related species such as  M. drakensbergensis (Schweick.) Conert and  M. stereophylla (J. G. Anders.) Conert, in the sequence of vascular bundles along the width of the leaf blade and associated characters. However, the M. aureocephala specimens, not having the  M. disticha type of vascular bundle arrangement, anatomically resemble the M. stricta group of species, and M. aureocephala appears to be intermediate between these two species groups.resemble the M. stricta group of species, and M. aureocephala appears to be intermediate between these two species groups.

Features of the anatomy of the leaves of Laurocerasus officinalis M. Roem.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Cheryatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Stomatal Apparatus ◽  
Main Vein

The article presents the results of microscopic analysis of the leaves of L. officinalis. The main anatomical and diagnostic features that can be used in identifying and evaluating the authenticity of medicinal plant raw materials are established. Analysis of the anatomical structure showed that the leaves of L. officinalis are dorsoventral; the leaf plastic is hypostomatic, and the stomatal apparatus is anomocytic. The main vein of the leaf blade and petiole is represented by a bicollateral conducting bundle. Idioblasts represented by round- shaped essential oil cells were first identified in the columnar and spongy mesophyll of the leaf and petiole. Single diamond-shaped crystals and calcium oxalate druses were also found in the leaves. The information obtained can serve as a basis for the development of the section "Microscopy" in the draft regulatory documentation.

Functional leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in a marine angiosperm, Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy (Cymodoceaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium

The terete leaf blade of Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy from south-western Australia has uniformly small epidermal cells and a few large secretory cells. Mesophyll tissues contain several air lacunae, a central longitudinal vascular bundle, and eight to twelve peripheral longitudinal vascular bundles, but no fibre bundles. The total volume of air lacunae is about 10% that of the leaf blades, but the total surface area of air lacunae is similar to that of leaf blades. The leaf cuticle appears as a thin, electron-transparent layer. Leaf-blade epidermal cells have a large central vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm containing many chloroplasts that lack starch grains. Wall ingrowths are absent. However, the small region between the walls and the plasmalemma could play an important role in nutrient absorption. Plasmodesmata appear to be absent between adjacent epidermal cells, and also between epidermal and mesophyll cells, suggesting that there is only an apoplastic pathway for the transport of photosynthate to the vascular tissues. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a layer of sheath cells, which are characterized by the presence of suberized lamellae in their walls. These may act to reduce the apoplastic exchange of solutes and water between the mesophyll and vascular tissues. Xylem elements, represented by large lumens and intensely hydrolysed walls, may not be present in all peripheral vascular bundles. Two types of sieve elements occur in S. isoetifolium leaf blades: normal thin-walled ones with large lumens, and thick-walled ones with reduced lumens, representing the photophloem and the metaphloem, respectively.

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