scholarly journals Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. D. Leite ◽  
R. V. S. Veloso ◽  
A. M. Azevedo ◽  
C. I. Maia e Almeida ◽  
M. A. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Brazilian Savanna ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Galling Insects

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.

scholarly journals SEASONAL VARIATION OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS IN NON-GALLED AND GALLED LEAVES OF CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE (CARYOCARACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (38) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Edson Cardoso TEIXEIRA ◽  
Rafaela Oliveira FERREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Galling Insects

Introduction: Galling insects manipulate the development of their host plants. Galls are rich in secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes. Caryocar brasiliense acts as a host of galling insects. Few studies report the impacts of this plant-insect interaction on the species' morphology, physiology, and secondary metabolism. Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify if there is a correlation between the levels of total phenols and flavonoids in C. brasiliense leaf extracts and environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, throughout the year, and to evaluate how galling insects can interfere in this seasonality. Methods: Ethanol extracts from leaves were obtained by soxhlet extraction. The main classes of secondary metabolites were detected by phytochemical prospecting. The levels of total phenols and flavonoids were quantified by the Folin-Dennis tests and complexation reaction with aluminum chloride, respectively. Pearson 's correlation coefficient shows that the levels of phenols and flavonoids were correlated with the average monthly maximum temperatures and precipitation accumulation, respectively, recorded in Gurupi - Tocantins. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical prospecting indicated flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, and alkaloids in both extracts. In C. brasiliense, the samples of healthy leaves suffered a greater variation in the levels of phenols (68.39±2.3 to 279.34±3.1 mg GAE g-1 extract) and flavonoids (164.06± 3.0 at 269.03±3.6 mg QE g-1 extract) compared to leaf samples with galls. A strong positive correlation was found between the contents of total phenols and maximum temperatures and a strong negative correlation with precipitation through Pearson's correlation. Conclusions: The variations observed in the levels of phenols and flavonoids in the extracts of C. brasiliense seem to be related to abiotic factors and the herbivory promoted by the galling insect.

scholarly journals Identification of the wood-borer and the factors affecting its attack on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Brazilian Savanna

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Germano Leão Demolin Leite ◽  
Sergio Monteze Alves ◽  
Aline Fonseca Nascimento ◽  
Paulo Sérgio do Nascimento Lopes ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Fiúza Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Savanna ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Wood Borer

scholarly journals Tree crowns grow into self-similar shapes controlled by gravity and light sensing

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (142) ◽  
pp. 20170976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Duchemin ◽  
Christophe Eloy ◽  
Eric Badel ◽  
Bruno Moulia
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Light Sensing ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
Similar Solutions ◽  
Front Model

Plants have developed different tropisms: in particular, they reorient the growth of their branches towards the light (phototropism) or upwards (gravitropism). How these tropisms affect the shape of a tree crown remains unanswered. We address this question by developing a propagating front model of tree growth. Being length-free, this model leads to self-similar solutions after a long period of time, which are independent of the initial conditions. Varying the intensities of each tropism, different self-similar shapes emerge, including singular ones. Interestingly, these shapes bear similarities to existing tree species. It is concluded that the core of specific crown shapes in trees relies on the balance between tropisms.

scholarly journals The Impact of Plant Shaping on Aphid Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-204
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Cichocka ◽  
Magdalena Lubiarz
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Crown Formation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aphid Behavior

The Impact of Plant Shaping on Aphid Behavior The paper provides a review of the studies focusing on the impact of plant trimming and pruning (especially in tree rows) and tree crown formation (in orchards and urban greenery) on the bionomy and number of aphids and some other hemipterans. The fresh, succulent shoots which appear after any trimming and pruning provide aphids with "eternal spring" conditions, i.e. the availability of young leaves and shoots preferred by aphids as a source of nutrition. The majority of aphid species acquiring nutrition from leaves feed on the top shoots. People shape garden greenery, forming beautiful, decorative tree crowns. Some shoots in orchards are regularly cut off; sometimes even apple trees are planted in rows. Instead of building traditional fences, hedges are planted and regularly trimmed. Trimmed plants have fresh, succulent shoots, which are an attractive source of nutrition for many aphids. Large numbers of aphids inhabit these rejuvenated plants. Cutting and trimming of plants often have an impact not only on the number of aphids, but also on their bionomy.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Forest Tree Crown Delineation from Unmanned Aerial Imagery Using Canopy Height Models vs. Spectral Lightness

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyu Gu ◽  
Heather Grybas ◽  
Russell G. Congalton
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Crowns

Improvements in computer vision combined with current structure-from-motion photogrammetric methods (SfM) have provided users with the ability to generate very high resolution structural (3D) and spectral data of the forest from imagery collected by unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The products derived by this process are capable of assessing and measuring forest structure at the individual tree level for a significantly lower cost compared to traditional sources such as LiDAR, satellite, or aerial imagery. Locating and delineating individual tree crowns is a common use of remotely sensed data and can be accomplished using either UAS-based structural or spectral data. However, no study has extensively compared these products for this purpose, nor have they been compared under varying spatial resolution, tree crown sizes, or general forest stand type. This research compared the accuracy of individual tree crown segmentation using two UAS-based products, canopy height models (CHM) and spectral lightness information obtained from natural color orthomosaics, using maker-controlled watershed segmentation. The results show that single tree crowns segmented using the spectral lightness were more accurate compared to a CHM approach. The optimal spatial resolution for using lightness information and CHM were found to be 30 and 75 cm, respectively. In addition, the size of tree crowns being segmented also had an impact on the optimal resolution. The density of the forest type, whether predominately deciduous or coniferous, was not found to have an impact on the accuracy of the segmentation.

scholarly journals Individual Tree Crown Segmentation and Classification of 13 Tree Species Using Airborne Hyperspectral Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Maschler ◽  
Clement Atzberger ◽  
Markus Immitzer
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Mean Shift ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Crowns

Knowledge of the distribution of tree species within a forest is key for multiple economic and ecological applications. This information is traditionally acquired through time-consuming and thereby expensive field work. Our study evaluates the suitability of a visible to near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral dataset with a spatial resolution of 0.4 m for the classification of 13 tree species (8 broadleaf, 5 coniferous) on an individual tree crown level in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve ‘Wienerwald’, a temperate Austrian forest. The study also assesses the automation potential for the delineation of tree crowns using a mean shift segmentation algorithm in order to permit model application over large areas. Object-based Random Forest classification was carried out on variables that were derived from 699 manually delineated as well as automatically segmented reference trees. The models were trained separately for two strata: small and/or conifer stands and high broadleaf forests. The two strata were delineated beforehand using CHM-based tree height and NDVI. The predictor variables encompassed spectral reflectance, vegetation indices, textural metrics and principal components. After feature selection, the overall classification accuracy (OA) of the classification based on manual delineations of the 13 tree species was 91.7% (Cohen’s kappa (κ) = 0.909). The highest user’s and producer’s accuracies were most frequently obtained for Weymouth pine and Scots Pine, while European ash was most often associated with the lowest accuracies. The classification that was based on mean shift segmentation yielded similarly good results (OA = 89.4% κ = 0.883). Based on the automatically segmented trees, the Random Forest models were also applied to the whole study site (1050 ha). The resulting tree map of the study area confirmed a high abundance of European beech (58%) with smaller amounts of oak (6%) and Scots pine (5%). We conclude that highly accurate tree species classifications can be obtained from hyperspectral data covering the visible and near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our results also indicate a high automation potential of the method, as the results from the automatically segmented tree crowns were similar to those that were obtained for the manually delineated tree crowns.

scholarly journals Analysis of multitemporal aerial images for fenyőfő Forest change detection

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Shukhrat Shokirov ◽  
Géza Király
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Crown Delineation ◽  
Tree Crown Delineation ◽  
Type Classification

This study evaluated the use of 40 cm spatial resolution aerial images for individual tree crown delineation, forest type classification, health estimation and clear-cut area detection in Fenyőfő forest reserves in 2012 and 2015 years. Region growing algorithm was used for segmentation of individual tree crowns. Forest type (coniferous/deciduous trees) were distinguished based on the orthomosaic images and segments. Research also investigated the height of individual trees, clear-cut areas and cut crowns between 2012 and 2015 years using Canopy Height Models. Results of the research were examined based on the field measurement data. According to our results, we achieved 75.2% accuracy in individual tree crown delineation. Heights of tree crowns have been calculated with 88.5% accuracy. This study had promising result in clear cut area and individual cut crown detection. Overall accuracy of classification was 77.2%, analysis showed that coniferous tree type classification was very accurate, but deciduous tree classification had a lot of omission errors. Based on the results and analysis, general information about forest health conditions has been presented. Finally, strengths and limitations of the research were discussed and recommendations were given for further research.

scholarly journals The Influence of Ecosystem and Phylogeny on Tropical Tree Crown Size and Shape

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Shenkin ◽  
Lisa Patrick Bentley ◽  
Imma Oliveras ◽  
Norma Salinas ◽  
Stephen Adu-Bredu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Crown Dimensions ◽  
Crown Size

1ABSTRACTThe sizes and shapes of tree crowns are of fundamental importance in ecology, yet understanding the forces that determine them remains elusive. A cardinal question facing ecologists is the degree to which general and non-specific versus ecological and context-dependent processes are responsible for shaping tree crowns. Here, we test this question for the first time across diverse tropical ecosystems. Using trees from 20 plots varying in elevation, precipitation, and ecosystem type (savanna-forest transitions) across the paleo- and neo-tropics, we test the relationship between crown dimensions and tree size. By analyzing these scaling relationships across environmental gradients, biogeographic regions, and phylogenetic distance, we extend Metabolic Scaling Theory (MST) predictions to include how local selective pressures shape variation in crown dimensions. Across all sites, we find strong agreement between mean trends and MST predictions for the scaling of crown size and shape, but large variation around the mean. While MST explained approximately half of the observed variation in tree crown dimensions, we find that local, ecosystem, and phylogenetic predictors account for the half of the residual variation. Crown scaling does not change significantly across regions, but does change across ecosystem types, where savanna tree crowns grow more quickly with tree size than forest tree crowns. Crowns of legumes were wider and larger than those of other taxa. Thus, while MST can accurately describe the central tendency of tree crown size, local ecological conditions and evolutionary history appear to modify the scaling of crown shape. Importantly, our extension of MST incorporating these differences accounts for the mechanisms driving variation in the scaling of crown dimensions across the tropics. These results are critical when scaling the function of individual trees to larger spatial scales or incorporating the size and shape of tree crowns in global biogeochemical models.

scholarly journals Beitrag des terrestrischen Laserscannings zur Erfassung der Struktur von Baumkronen | Application of terrestrial laser scanning for measuring tree crown structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (6) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
Stefan Seifert ◽  
Peng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tree Leaf

This paper addresses the potential of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for describing and modelling of tree crown structure and dynamics. We first present a general approach for the metabolic and structural scaling of tree crowns. Out of this approach we emphasize those normalization and scaling parameters which become accessible by TLS. For example we show how the individual tree leaf area index, convex hull, and its space-filling by leaves can be extracted out of laser scan data. This contributes to a theoretical and empirical substantiation of crown structure models which were missing so far for e.g. quantification of structural and species diversity in forest stands, inventory of crown biomass, species detection by remote sensing, and understanding of self- and alien-thinning in pure and mixed stands. Up to now works on this topic delivered a rather scattered empirical knowledge mainly by single inventories of trees and stands. In contrast, we recommend to start with a model approach, and to complete existing data with repeated TLS inventories in order to come to a consistent and theoretically based model of tree crowns.

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