scholarly journals Agents causing genital infections in routine cytological tests: frequency and characteristics of Papanicolaou smears

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Carvalho ◽  
N. K. A. Porto ◽  
P. V. M. Azevedo ◽  
P. K. A. Magalhães ◽  
E. N. de Araújo ◽  
...  

Abstract Urinary tract infections are responsible for most human infections, these are caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and associated microorganisms. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of vaginal infection-causing agents in routine cytological exams and also to evaluate the characteristics of positive tested Pap smears. A retrospective documental with descriptive aspect research was performed in a Clinical Pathology laboratory from Maceió-AL. The results of the Pap smears exams for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp and HPV were arranged in a database as well as other data such as bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral coinfections. The sample was composed by 18.645 women who have undergone Pap smear exams from 2013 to 2017. Of these analyzed exams, 27.4% in 2013, 10.9% in 2014, 10.6% in 2015, 15.2% in 2016 and 13.67% in 2017 were within normal range, however more than half of these exams presented some infections caused by unspecific or microbiological agents. By analyzing all the reports, 4.073 (21.84%) presented inflammations caused by some species of infectious agent with the following rate order: G. vaginalis and T. vaginalis. Furthermore, it was possible to confirm high rates of coinfection by and Candida spp. The rate of genital infections in this study highlights that there is a public health matter that must be controlled, which points a greater need for monitoring, guidance and actions towards greater awareness in order to prevent these problems.

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Rakesh Pathak ◽  
P Pradhan ◽  
S Pudasaini ◽  
S Maharjan ◽  
AS Basnyat

Cervical-vaginal infections are common problems in women of reproductive age presented with clinical features like white vaginal discharge, foul smelling odor and pruritis. Trichomonas vaginalis, Candidia and Gardnerella vaginalis are responsible for infectious vaginitis in creating anaerobic environment favoring Bacterial vaginosis caused by organisms like Gardnerella vaginalis, Chlamydia Trachomatis. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear examination is the simple, quick, painless routine screening test used for identification and detection of precancerous changes of uterine cervix as well as the cervico-vaginal infections resulting from bacterial, fungal and candida infections. The prime objective of the study was to identify the age wise distribution of cervical-vaginal infections and determine the frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Bacterial vaginosis (BV). A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. A total of 163 cases of TV and BV diagnosed on Pap smear were taken for the study. However, 564 Pap smears were received in the Department of Pathology for cytological evaluation during the study period. Once the smears were stained, the presence of clue cells, cannon balls and Trichomonas were observed. Out of 564 Pap smears received during the study period, 163 cases were of BV, TV and combined BV and TV. These 163 cases were included in our study. The age ranged from 20 to 65 years with majority (19.1%) of the women belonging to 35-39 years and the mean age was 38.18 ± 10.18 years. There were 97 cases (17.2%) of BV, 50 cases (8.9%) of TV and 16 cases (2.8%) of TV and BV co-infection. Bacterial vaginosis was the most predominant type of cervicovaginal infection followed by TV infection and TV and BV co-infections. Trichomonas vaginalis may create an environment favoring the development of BV. Pap screening could be the beneficial tool in early disease diagnosis and helps in preventing further complications by starting appropriate treatment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 1672-1686
Author(s):  
Graziela Vargas Rigo ◽  
Tiana Tasca

Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women’s well-being.


2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bonfanti ◽  
Thissiane De Lima Gonçalves

Introdução: Durante a gestação podem ocorrer distúrbios no mecanismo fisiológico do trato genital, composto por Lactobacillus spp., resultando em processos infecciosos determinados por agentes bacterianos. Tais infecções podem levar a doença pélvica inflamatória, parto prematuro e infecção fetal, sendo que o exame de Papanicolaou pode sugerir a presença desses agentes infecciosos. Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência dos agentes microbiológicos encontrados no Papanicolaou de gestantes atendidas no HUSM. Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento do arquivo dos laudos citológicos do Laboratório do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2008, das gestantes que realizaram o exame citopatológico durante o pré-natal. Resultados: Foram analisados 1344 laudos e observou-se que 59,82% das pacientes apresentaram flora bacteriana normal, ou seja, composta porLactobacillus spp. O total de floras alteradas foi de 40,17%. Dessas, 38,24% apresentaram Gardnerella vaginalis, 33,75% Candida spp., 5,92% Trichomonas vaginalis, 21,54% flora mista (cocos e outros bacilos) e 0,54% outros microorganismos como Leptothrix vaginalis e Fuseobacterium spp. Conclusão: Essas infecções estão associadas à complicações na gestação e nossos resultados mostraram uma alta prevalência de agentes patogênicos nas pacientes, confirmando a importância do acompanhamento pré-natal das gestantes para o diagnóstico e tratamento adequado dessas possíveis infecções.Descritores: gestantes, exame citopatológico, agentes microbiológicos.  Introduction: During pregnancy may occur disorders in the physiological mechanism of genital tract, consisting ofLactobacillus spp., resulting in infectious processes determined by bacterial agents. These infections can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery and fetal infection. The Pap Smear test may suggest the presence of these infectious agents. Objective: To determinate the prevalence of microbiological agents found in the Pap smear test of pregnant women attending in HUSM. Methods: It was made survey of the file of the cytological laboratory of the Hospital Universitario de Santa Maria (HUSM) from January 2005 to December 2008, belonging to women, who underwent the examination of cytopathologic during prenatal care. Results: 1344 reports were analyzed and indicated that 59.82% of patients showed normal bacterial flora, which is composed of Lactobacillus spp. The total flora switched was 40.17%. Of these, 38.24% had Gardnerella vaginalis, 33.75% Candida spp., 5.92% Trichomonas vaginalis, 21.54% mixed flora (bacilli and cocci) and 0.54% other microorganisms such as Leptothrix vaginalis and Fuseobacteriumspp. Conclusion: The microbial infections are associated with complications during pregnancy, our results showed a high prevalence of pathogens in patients, confirming the importance of prenatal care of pregnant women for diagnosis and proper treatment of possible infections.Descriptors: pregnant women, cervical screening, microbiological agents.  


2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kian Behbakht ◽  
Jennifer Friedman ◽  
Ira Heimler ◽  
Alla Aroutcheva ◽  
Jose Simoes ◽  
...  

Objective:To identify alterations in the cytokine profile and microbial ecosystem of the vagina in association with cervical dysplasia.Methods:Demographics, lifestyle variables and Papanicolau (Pap) smear results of subjects presenting to the same site for gynecologic complaints, obstetric visits or colposcopy were prospectively recorded. Vaginal smear for Gram stain, aerobic and anaerobic culture, pH, and wet mount and KOH examination forTrichomonas vaginalis,Gardnerella vaginalisand yeast organisms were performed. Vaginal lavage specimens were centrifuged, and the pellets and supernatants were assayed for human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction and for cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Subjects with abnormal Pap smears underwent colposcopy and biopsy as indicated.Results: Of 51 patients, 32 were referred for colposcopy, 12 presented with gynecologic needs, and seven presented for obstetric visits. Median age was 24 years. Demographics did not differ significantly between the dysplasia and control groups except for a trend towards more sexual partners in the dysplasia group. Biopsies were performed in 81% (26/32) of patients presenting for colposcopy and 17 revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 levels were elevated in 63% (20/32), 38% (15/39), 4% (2/49), and 0% of samples respectively. Elevated vaginal lavage IL-1ß was associated with a 6.1 odds ratio (95% confidence interval 1.06–35) of cervical dysplasia. Alterations in other variables studied were not associated with cervical dysplasia.Conclusions: Elevated IL-1ß, possibly representing a complex host inflammatory response to multiple pathogens, was demonstrated in patients with cervical dysplasia.


Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Barreto Alves ◽  
Mariangela da Silva Nunes ◽  
Ricardo Fakhouri ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Saquete Martins-Filho ◽  
Maria do Carmo de Oliveira Ribeiro ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Focarelli ◽  
Vincenzo Rondinelli ◽  
Maria Gabriella Lepore ◽  
Pasquale Minchella ◽  
Raffaele Saraceno ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanael De Souza Maciel ◽  
Francisco Jardsom Moura Luzia ◽  
Diego Da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Maria Charlianne de Lima Pereira Silva ◽  
Davide Carlos Joaquim ◽  
...  

Objetivo: Analisar os resultados do último laudo citopatológico de pacientes com o exame Papanicolaou em atraso. Metodologia: Estudo documental, retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no município de Redenção–CE. Foram explorados 660 prontuários de mulheres com idade entre 25 e 64 anos. Para análise foram utilizadas medidas de tendência central e frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: O número de mulheres que nunca haviam realizado o exame Papanicolaou foi de 44,7% e as que haviam realizado, mas estavam em atraso, foi de 55,3%. A presença de células metaplásicas foi menos frequente (38,6%). Entre agentes infecciosos, houve prevalência dos resultados sugestivos de Gardnerella vaginalis e Mobiluncus (14,9%), Cândida sp (3,9%) e Trichomonas vaginalis (1,1%).  Os laudos indicaram presença de alterações celulares pré-malignas e malignas. Conclusão: Esta análise poderá motivar a implementação da busca de pacientes com exame atrasado, especialmente das que apresentam alguma infecção sexualmente transmissível ou alteração celular pré-maligna ou maligna.Descritores: Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Teste de Papanicolaou; Programas de Rastreamento; Atenção Primária à Saúde, Enfermagem.ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE LAST CYTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAM OF PATIENTS WITH DELAYED PAP SMEARObjective: To analyze the results of the last cytopathological report of patients with delayed Pap smear. Methodology: Documentary, retrospective study with quantitative approach, conducted in the city of Redenção-CE, from April to September 2018. Were explored 660 medical records of women aged 25 to 64 years. For analysis, measures of central tendency and absolute and relative frequencies were used. Results: The number of women who had never had the Pap smear was 44,7%, and those who had been submitted but were delayed were 55,3%. The presence of metaplastic cells was less frequent (38,6%). Among infectious agents, there was a prevalence of suggestive results of Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus (14,9%), Candida sp (3,9%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (1,1%). The reports indicated the presence of premalignant and malignant cellular alterations. Conclusion: There are a large number of women with delayed Pap tests and a deficiency in the quality of the tests, indicated by the absence of metaplastic tissue. This should motivate the active search of patients to interrupt the chain of transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections and to treat cervical lesions early, reducing the chances of progression.KEYWORDS: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Papanicolaou Test, Mass Screening, Primary Health Care, Nursing. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS DEL ÚLTIMO EXAMEN CITOPATOLÓGICO DE PACIENTES CON PAPANICOLAOU EN RETRASOObjetivo: Analizar resultados del último examen citopatológico de pacientes con Papanicolaou en retraso. Metodología: Estudio documental, retrospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en la ciudad de Redenção-CE, de abril a septiembre de 2018. Fueron explorados 660 prontuarios de mujeres de 25 a 64 años. Para el análisis, se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central, frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: El número de mujeres que nunca se habían hecho la prueba de Papanicolaou fue del 44,7%, y las que se sometieron, pero estában en retraso, fueron 55,3%. La presencia de células metaplásicas fue menos frecuente (38,6%). Entre los agentes infecciosos, hubo una prevalencia de resultados sugestivos de Gardnerella vaginalis y Mobiluncus (14,9%), Candida sp (3,9%) y Trichomonas vaginalis (1,1%). Los informes indicaron presencia de alteraciones celulares premalignas y malignas. Conclusión: Hoy una gran cantidad de mujeres con pruebas de Papanicolaou retrasadas y una deficiencia en la calidad de los exámenes, indicada por la ausencia de tejido metaplásico. Esto debería motivar la búsqueda activa de pacientes para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión de las infecciones de transmisión sexual y para tratar las lesiones cervicales temprano, reduciendo las posibilidades de progresión.PALABRAS-CLAVE: Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino, Prueba de Papanicolaou, Tamizaje Masivo, Atención Primaria de Salud, Enfermería.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Nhut Nguyen Tien ◽  
Huong Le Lam

Introduction: Lower genital tract infections is one of the most common deseases among women in reproductive age and affects the quality of their lives. Objective: To assess the status of lower genital tract infections in reproductive age women and some factors related to vaginosis. Subjects and methods: Crosssectional study of 130 coming for examination at Hue University Hospital from August 2016 to December 2016. Results: The incidence of lower genital infections was 72.3%, with: vaginitis was 34%, vaginitis was 25.5%, vaginitis and cervical was 40.5%. Fungal infection is 20.2%, Gardnerella vaginalis infection is 33%, Parasitic infection is 0%. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. There is not a signification relation between history of used contraceptive with lower genital infections. Conclusion: Lower genital tract infections are high percentage among women in reproductive age. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. Key words: Women, reproductive age, lower genital tract infections


Author(s):  
Girishma J. ◽  
Rupakala B. M. ◽  
Sunil Chavan

Background: Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women in reproductive age group. It is characterized by an increased vaginal pH and loss of normal lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobes like Gardnerella vaginalis and other gram-negative rods. Purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of pap smear and microbiological pattern in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital (RRMCH) Bangalore, India. All patients with vaginal discharge were included in the study. Vaginal discharge samples were sent to gram staining, culture and pap smear examination.Results: Of the 52 patients, 18 patients (34.6%) showed positive for bacterial vaginosis according to Nugent’s score. Of the 18 patients with positive Gram stains, 8 of them were positive for bacterial vaginosis according to pap’s smear (44%) and 10 had negative pap smears. In our study, of the 18 patients with positive Gram stains, 14 (77%) of them were positive for bacterial vaginosis according to culture.Conclusions: In the present study we found out that correlation of gram stain and pap smear was 44% whereas correlation of gram stain and culture was 77%. Hence, we conclude that gram stain and culture are preferred for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis rather than the pap smear evaluation.


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