scholarly journals Endoparasites in group of wild animals raised in captivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Mewius ◽  
Elis Regina Lusa ◽  
Julia G. Pertille ◽  
Tiago D. Dos Reis ◽  
Juliana A. Pletsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Main Structure ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Flotation Method

ABSTRACT: Free-living wild animals can host a wide variety of endoparasites. When subjected to conditions of captivity, these animals can go through stressful situations and develop parasites. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify parasitic infection in wild mammals, birds, and reptiles kept at the “Universidade de Caxias do Sul” Zoo, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The population studied was based on 76 animals, divided into 50% (38/76) birds, 35.53% (27/76) mammals, and 14.47% (11/76) reptiles distributed in 33 different enclosures. Fecal samples were collected from the enclosures and analyzed in triplicate, using the centrifugal-flotation method with a zinc sulfate solution. Samples from the enclosures 31, 32, 33, (where snakes are located), and 15 (animal death), were not analyzed in triplicate, so the total number of analyses was 91 samples. The results showed that 41.76% (38/91) of the samples were positive for at least one class of endoparasites, such as Nematoda, Cestoda, or Coccidia. The positive samples showed the presence of at least one or more parasites from orders Strongylida (34.21%), Enoplida and Strongylida (23.68%), Enoplida only (23.68%), Cyclophyllidea and Oxyurida (5.26%), Ascaridida only (5.26%), Enoplida, Strongylida, and Ascaridida (5.26%), and Enoplida and Eucoccidiorida (2.63%). Considering the positive samples, 55.26% were collected from birds, 39.47% from mammals, and 5.27% from reptiles. Capillaria sp. eggs were the main structure found in birds, and eggs from the order Strongylida were the most found in samples from mammals. This study showed the order Strongylida as the most frequent parasite found in 63.16% of the total samples, established either in isolated or mixed infestations. Also, mammals and birds were those with a greater quantity of positive samples for endoparasites. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of carrying out research assessing the gastrointestinal parasitic fauna in wild animals, so one can determine the conditions under which these parasites become pathogenic to wild animals raised in captivity.

scholarly journals Natural infection by endoparasites among free-living wild animals

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Holsback ◽  
Mauro José Lahm Cardoso ◽  
Rafael Fagnani ◽  
Thaís Helena Constantino Patelli
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence and variety of intestinal parasites among free-living wild animals. Fecal samples from wild mammals and birds at rehabilitation centers in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo were analyzed by sedimentation and flotation-centrifugation methods. Parasite eggs, oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites were found in 71% of the samples. Cryptosporidiumsp. oocysts were detected in fecal samples from oncillas (Leopardus tigrinus) and scaly-headed parrots (Pionus maximiliani). Giardia cysts were identified in the feces of a gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira). Among the most common parasites found, there were eggs from Toxocara cati,Toxascaris leonina and Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and from Cestoda. Several Enterobiussp. eggs were found in the feces of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). It can be concluded from this study that despite the small number of samples, the diversity of parasites found was noteworthy. Additional information about parasite endofauna in wild animals is needed, since their presence might suggest that there could be proximity to and interactions with domestic animals and/or humans. In addition, further studies on parasites from free-living wild animals are of prime importance for understanding the intensity of anthropic changes in wild environments.

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasites in Free-Living Puma concolor

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Cunha Del Vechio ◽  
Edson Gerônimo ◽  
Enzo Emmerich Paula De Castro ◽  
Luciana Vieira Pinto Ribeiro ◽  
Rita De Cássia Lima Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Science Museum ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
In Captivity

Background: Studies on intestinal parasites in cougars Puma concolor are scarce, and most of the available information on the species has been derived from individuals in captivity. One of the greatest threats to the survival of wild cats is habitat loss caused by urban sprawl, agricultural matrix, and linear developments such as highways and railways, which expose animals to direct contact with humans and to a high risk of death. Given the lack of scientific data the objective of this study was to report on the occurrence of intestinal parasites in a cougar (P. concolor) specimen from the northwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil.Case: The carcass of a free-living cougar (P. concolor) individual was sent to the Interdisciplinary Science Museum (Museu Interdisciplinar de Ciências – MIC) of Paranaense University (Universidade Paranaense - UNIPAR); an individual was killed during a collision with an unidentified vehicle on highway PR-486, in the municipality of Mariluz (PR, Brazil). The geographical coordinates of the location where the animal was found are: 23°59′29″S, 53°8′47″W. This region is characterized by semi-deciduous seasonal forest remnants. After being identified on site and collected by the inspectors of the Paraná Environmental Institute (Instituto Ambiental do Paraná - IAP), the cadaver was donated to the MIC (by the IAP) for a necropsy to elucidate the cause of death. In this context, the cadaver was sent to the Animal Pathology section of the Department of Veterinary Medicine at UNIPAR. The animal was necropsied by performing the standard necropsy technique for carnivores: opening the intestine through the mesentery and exposing the mucosa from the duodenum to the colon. The necropsy showed that the cause of death was hypovolemic shock due to trauma. During necropsy, parasites in the intestinal lumen were visible to the naked eye. Parasites and feces were collected and stored in sterile flasks containing 10% formaldehyde and saline. The parasites were subjected to Faust and Hoffman techniques, micrometry, and morphological analysis, resulting in the identification of the roundworm Toxocara cati and the tapeworm Spirometra decipiens.Discussion: Identifying the roadkill species along highways is of paramount importance, since they are living very close to man and, consequently, reservoirs and disseminators of different infectious and parasitic zoonoses may be possible. Infection by protozoa and helminths in animals usually occurs by ingesting the infective form present in food or water. Toxocara cati and the tapeworm Spirometra decipiens were only reported in captivity before. Research on parasites in free-living wild animals is not common in the scientific literature and this is due to the difficulty of capturing this animal category as they live in difficult to access places such as forests and forests, therefore, research projects in partnership with museums are extremely important for the recognition of wild animal species that circulate in the region, in addition to the parasitic identification of these animals for future sanitary measures and for the preservation of the animal species in the environment. The Parasitological studies of wild animals are highly relevant for expanding this knowledge, especially considering the possible transfer risk of specific parasitic diseases to other animals, as well as to humans.

scholarly journals Sicarius uncinipenis and Deletrocephalus cesarpintoi in captive greater rheas of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela de Oliveira Avelar ◽  
Lara Ribeiro de Almeida ◽  
Hudson Andrade dos Santos ◽  
Walter dos Santos Lima ◽  
Leonardo Bôscoli Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Veterinary School ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

The present study details the pathological and parasitological findings of parasitic ventriculitis and nematode infections in the large intestines of two female Rhea americana americana birds. The birds were housed in captivity, and both exhibited poor body condition and lethargy. The rheas were sent to the Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and, despite medical care, the clinical condition of the birds did not improve. The birds died two days after admission, and were submitted to necropsy. Gross, histopathology and parasitological analysis resulted in the identification of Sicarius uncinipenis, which is associated with parasitic ventriculitis, while Deletrocephalus cesarpintoi was identified in the large intestine of both rheas. The apparent clinical indications, including loss of appetite and death, combined with the discovery of numerous parasites and other pathology changes, supported the conclusion that the death of the birds was caused by the parasitic infection. Further investigations of these infections in free-living and captive rheas are required, such that accurate data on the incidence and pathogenicity of these parasites can be obtained.

scholarly journals Isospora bocamontensis (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in captive yellow cardinal Gubernatrix cristata (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Quinto Pereira ◽  
Isadora Mainieri O. Corrêa ◽  
Gustavo Henrique Schneiders ◽  
Marcella Teixeira Linhares ◽  
Dario Trevisan Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
In Captivity

The yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) is a passerine found in southern Brazil, especially along the border with Uruguay and Argentina. It is an endangered species and its population is decreasing. Among the parasites that affect passerines, the genus Isospora is the most easily found in both captive and free-living birds. This parasite commonly causes injury to the intestinal tissue and could occasionally affect other organs. In this work we examined the occurrence of coccidiosis in captive yellow cardinals and its association with factors such as sex, use of parasiticides, type of enclosure, contact with feces, type of food and cleaning frequency. We collected fecal samples of 45 yellow cardinals, healthy and kept in captivity, in late afternoon at the end of the reproductive period. The examination showed parasitic infection by Isospora bocamontensis in 44.5% of the birds. This infection is not influenced by the sex of birds, but is significantly affected by the type of enclosure, contact with the feces, use of parasiticides, type of food and cleaning frequency. The results indicate that to keep yellow cardinals captive, these factors must be observed.

scholarly journals INTERPRETATION OF INJURIES AND ASSESSMENT OF CAUSES OF DEATH IN WILD MAMMALS RECEIVED AT CETAS / IBAMA IN RIO BRANCO, ACRE, BRAZIL:

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimunda Beserra da Silva ◽  
Giovana Barbosa Morais ◽  
Luis Eduardo Maggi ◽  
Vanessa Lima de Souza ◽  
Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin Staining ◽  
Causes Of Deaths

The necropsy of wild animals is necessary to raise the awareness of the competent public organizations and the population about the risks of zoonosis. Given the scarcity of information the aim of this article was to survey of the main injuries and causes of deaths of wild mammals kept in captivity was made, through the post mortem diagnosis and who passed through Wild Animal Screening Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - CETAS) of Rio Branco - Acre, Brazil, from September 2012 to September 2015. After death, the animals were kept refrigerated or frozen until the time of necropsy, using the standard technique for small mammals. Fragments of organs and tissues were collected, and the material was processed for histopathology using formalin fixation (10%), paraffin impregnation, hematoxylin and eosin staining, in 4 µm thick sections. 42 animals were submitted to necropsy, 27 males (64.3%) and 15 females (35.7%), of which 21 were adults (50%), 15 were puppies (35.7%) and six were young (14.3%). The main cause of death was hypovolemic shock (11.6%), followed by starvation (9.3%). There were also many deaths from undetermined causes (11.6%). A greater occurrence of deaths was registered in the Guariba monkey (Alouatta senicullus). The identification of necropsy findings and the interpretation of macroscopic lesions showed that cardiovascular lesion was the most common deaths. There does not seem to be an influence between the dry and rainy periods on the number of deaths of these animals.

scholarly journals Effect of captivity on morphology: negligible changes in external morphology mask significant changes in internal morphology

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 172470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Courtney Jones ◽  
Adam J. Munn ◽  
Phillip G. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Source Populations

Captive breeding programmes are increasingly relied upon for threatened species management. Changes in morphology can occur in captivity, often with unknown consequences for reintroductions. Few studies have examined the morphological changes that occur in captive animals compared with wild animals. Further, the effect of multiple generations being maintained in captivity, and the potential effects of captivity on sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. We compared external and internal morphology of captive and wild animals using house mouse ( Mus musculus ) as a model species. In addition, we looked at morphology across two captive generations, and compared morphology between sexes. We found no statistically significant differences in external morphology, but after one generation in captivity there was evidence for a shift in the internal morphology of captive-reared mice; captive-reared mice (two generations bred) had lighter combined kidney and spleen masses compared with wild-caught mice. Sexual dimorphism was maintained in captivity. Our findings demonstrate that captive breeding can alter internal morphology. Given that these morphological changes may impact organismal functioning and viability following release, further investigation is warranted. If the morphological change is shown to be maladaptive, these changes would have significant implications for captive-source populations that are used for reintroduction, including reduced survivorship.

scholarly journals The Clinical Effectiveness of Intralesional Injection of 2% Zinc Sulfate Solution in the Treatment of Common Warts

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Essam-elden Mohamed Mohamed ◽  
Khaled Mohamed Tawfik ◽  
Asmaa Moneir Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Intralesional Injection ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Zinc Sulfate Solution ◽  
Common Warts ◽  
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation

Objective.To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of common warts.Patients and Methods.One hundred and twenty patients (78 females and 42 males) aged 5–55 years with 225 common warts participated in this prospective monocentric randomized study. All lesions were treated with intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate.Results.From 225 warts injected, 135 warts (60%) cured from the first session, 51 warts (22.67%) cured from the second session, and 12 warts (5.33%) cured from the third session. There is no significant relation between improvement and patient’s ages, duration, or number of warts (P<0.05). All patients complained from pain during injection, and all treated lesions showed redness, tenderness, and swelling in the first 3 days after injection. Late complications were postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in 90 patients (75%), scaring in 9 patients (7.5%), and ulceration in 3 patients (2.5%). Recurrence occurred in 3 lesions (1.33%).Conclusion.The clinical data indicate that intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate is an effective maneuver in the treatment of common warts; however, its associated complications limit its use.

scholarly journals Numerical assessment in the wild: insights from social carnivores

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1740) ◽  
pp. 20160508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Benson-Amram ◽  
Geoff Gilfillan ◽  
Karen McComb
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Numerical Assessment ◽  
Individual Discrimination ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Assessment Skills ◽  
In The Wild

Playback experiments have proved to be a useful tool to investigate the extent to which wild animals understand numerical concepts and the factors that play into their decisions to respond to different numbers of vocalizing conspecifics. In particular, playback experiments have broadened our understanding of the cognitive abilities of historically understudied species that are challenging to test in the traditional laboratory, such as members of the Order Carnivora. Additionally, playback experiments allow us to assess the importance of numerical information versus other ecologically important variables when animals are making adaptive decisions in their natural habitats. Here, we begin by reviewing what we know about quantity discrimination in carnivores from studies conducted in captivity. We then review a series of playback experiments conducted with wild social carnivores, including African lions, spotted hyenas and wolves, which demonstrate that these animals can assess the number of conspecifics calling and respond based on numerical advantage. We discuss how the wild studies complement those conducted in captivity and allow us to gain insights into why wild animals may not always respond based solely on differences in quantity. We then consider the key roles that individual discrimination and cross-modal recognition play in the ability of animals to assess the number of conspecifics vocalizing nearby. Finally, we explore new directions for future research in this area, highlighting in particular the need for further work on the cognitive basis of numerical assessment skills and experimental paradigms that can be effective in both captive and wild settings. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.

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