scholarly journals Automation of the measurement of time record in determining the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Camila P. Cagna ◽  
Osvaldo Guedes Filho ◽  
Alexandre R. C. Silva ◽  
Cássio A. Tormena
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
The Core ◽  
Time Record

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to automate the acquisition of water travel time, as well as the computation of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil by the falling head method, using water sensors and the Arduino platform. To automate the measurement of travel time, the Arduino Uno board was used, and two water sensors were installed at the initial (h0) and final (h1) heights of the water inside the core. When the water flows across the soil and the water level passes the bottom part of the initial sensor (h0), the time recording starts; it ends when the water is absent from the final height of the second sensor (h1). The equation for calculating the hydraulic conductivity was inserted into the algorithm so the calculation was automatic. Undisturbed soil samples were taken in a long-term no-tillage area. There were no significant differences for the time and hydraulic conductivity means between the permeameters. The coefficient of the residual mass index showed an overestimation of the time variable; thus, the automated permeameter improves the precision of time recording and saturated hydraulic conductivity estimated by the falling head method.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trial of Tillage Systems for Sugarcane: Effect on Topsoil Hydrophysical Attributes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3448
Author(s):  
Aline Fachin Martíni ◽  
Gustavo Pereira Valani ◽  
Laura Fernanda Simões da Silva ◽  
Denizart Bolonhezi ◽  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Essential Information

Seeking to provide essential information about sustainable tillage systems, this work aimed to assess the effects of liming and soil cultivation systems on the soil hydrophysical attributes of a long-term cultivated sugarcane field in the tropical region of southeast Brazil. Infiltration tests and soil sampling down to 0.10 m were performed in order to determine saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, soil bulk density, soil total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, and soil resistance to penetration. The studied areas include no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems with 0 (CT0 and NT0) and 4 (CT4 and NT4) Mg ha−1 of lime, and an adjoining area with native forest (NF). The data analysis included an analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test to compare different systems, assessment of the Pearson correlation coefficient between variables, and a principal component analysis of the dataset. The lowest bulk density and highest soil total porosity, macroporosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were found in the NF. The bulk density in CT4 and NT0 was higher than in other systems, indicating the need for amelioration. NT4 is suggested as the most viable system for conservation agriculture in sugarcane fields, combining the benefits of no-tillage and liming to enhance soil hydrophysical functions.

scholarly journals Soil Physical Properties Spatial Variability under Long-Term No-Tillage Corn

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripendra Awal ◽  
Mohammad Safeeq ◽  
Farhat Abbas ◽  
Samira Fares ◽  
Sanjit K. Deb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

Spatial variability of soil physical and hydrological properties within or among agricultural fields could be intrinsically induced due to geologic and pedologic soil forming factors, but some of the variability may be induced by anthropogenic activities such as tillage practices. No-tillage has been gaining ground as a successful conservation practice, and quantifying spatial variability of soil physical properties induced by no-tillage practices is a prerequisite for making appropriate site-specific agricultural management decisions and/or reformulating some management practices. In particular, there remains very limited information on the spatial variability of soil physical properties under long-term no-tillage corn and tropical soil conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the spatial variability of some selected soil physical properties (soil surface temperature (ST), volumetric water content (θv), soil resistance (TIP), total porosity (θt), bulk density (ρb), organic carbon, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat)) using classical and geostatistical methods. The study site was a 2 ha field cropped no-tillage sweet corn for nearly 10 years on Oahu, Hawaii. The field was divided into 10 × 10 and 20 × 20 m grids. Soil samples were collected at each grid for measuring ρb, θt, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the laboratory following standard methods. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, TIP at 10 and 20 cm depths, soil surface temperature, and θv were also measured. Porosity and ρb have low and low to moderate variability, respectively based on the relative ranking of the magnitude of variability drawn from the coefficient of variation. Variability of the SOC, TIP, and Ksat ranges from moderate to high. Based on the best-fitted semivariogram model for finer grid data, 9.8 m and 142.2 m are the cut off beyond which the measured parameter does not show any spatial correlation for SOC, and TIP at 10 cm depth, respectively. Bulk density shows the highest spatial dependence (range = 226.8 m) among all measured properties. Spatial distribution of the soil properties based on kriging shows a high level of variability even though the sampled field is relatively small.

scholarly journals Soil water dynamics related to the degree of compaction of two brazilian oxisols under no-tillage

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
José Miguel Reichert ◽  
Dalvan José Reinert ◽  
Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Compaction Degree

Soil water properties are related to crop growth and environmental aspects and are influenced by the degree of soil compaction. The objective of this study was to determine the water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil under field conditions in terms of the compaction degree of two Oxisols under a no-tillage (NT). Two commercial fields were studied in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: one a Haplortox after 14 years under NT; the other a Hapludox after seven years under NT. Maps (50 x 30 m) of the levels of mechanical penetration resistance (PR) were drawn based on the kriging method, differentiating three compaction degrees (CD): high, intermediate and low. In each CD area, the infiltration rate (initial and steady-state) and cumulative water infiltration were measured using concentric rings, with six replications, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K(θs)) was determined using the Guelph permeameter. Statistical evaluation was performed based on a randomized design, using the least significant difference (LSD) test and regression analysis. The steady-state infiltration rate was not influenced by the compaction degree, with mean values of 3 and 0.39 cm h-1 in the Haplortox and the Hapludox, respectively. In the Haplortox, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity was 26.76 cm h-1 at a low CD and 9.18 cm h-1 at a high CD, whereas in the Hapludox, this value was 5.16 cm h-1 and 1.19 cm h-1 for the low and high CD, respectively. The compaction degree did not affect the initial and steady-state water infiltration rate, nor the cumulative water infiltration for either soil type, although the values were higher for the Haplortox than the Hapludox.

scholarly journals Effects of No-Tillage and Conventional Tillage on Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Fine Textured Soils under Winter Wheat

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
Francesco Fornaro ◽  
Pasquale Garofalo ◽  
Luisa Giglio ◽  
Michele Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Long Term Effects

The conversion from conventional tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT) of the soil is often suggested for positive long-term effects on several physical and hydraulic soil properties. In fact, although shortly after the conversion a worsening of the soil may occur, this transition should evolve in a progressive improvement of soil properties. Therefore, investigations aiming at evaluating the effects of NT on porous media are advisable, since such information may be relevant to better address the farmers’ choices to this specific soil conservation management strategy. In this investigation, innovative and standard methods were applied to compare CT and NT on two farms where the conversion took place 6 or 24 years ago, respectively. Regardless of the investigated farm, results showed negligible differences in cumulative infiltration or infiltration rate, soil sorptivity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, conductive pores size, or hydraulic conductivity functions. Since relatively small discrepancies were also highlighted in terms of bulk density or soil organic carbon, it was possible to conclude that NT did not have a negative impact on the main physical and hydraulic properties of investigated clay soils. However, a significantly higher number of small pores was detected under long-term NT compared to CT, so we concluded that the former soil was a more conductive pore system, i.e., consisting of numerous relatively smaller pores but continuous and better interconnected. Based on measured capacity-based indicators (macroporosity, air capacity, relative field capacity, plant available water capacity), NT always showed a more appropriate proportion of water and air in the soil.

Effects of cattle treading on physical properties of three soils used for dairy farming in the Waikato, North Island, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Singleton ◽  
B. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Allophanic Soil

A study of the physical condition of 3 soils used for intensive dairy farming in the Waikato Region was undertaken. The study was to determine the existing physical condition of the soil, the possible long-term changes from pugging damage, and the most appropriate measurements and depth for monitoring change in soil physical properties under dairying. Four dairy farms were selected on each of 3 soils (an Allophanic Soil and 2 Gley Soils). On each farm, 3 sites that corresponded to never trodden, usual (‘average’ paddock and pasture condition for the farm), and previously pugged (pugged >18 months ago) pasture histories were sampled. Undisturbed soil cores were collected at 50-mm depth increments to 250 mm for determination of bulk density, total porosity, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, proportion of pores >30 and 60 µm, and aggregate size class. Results showed pugging was having a long-term effect on soil physical properties of all 3 soils, including the well-drained Allophanic Soil that rarely pugged. All measurements showed a decline in values for soil properties from never trodden to previously pugged. The greatest changes were in hydraulic conductivity, proportion of pores, and aggregate size (>60 and <20 mm). The most appropriate depth increment for measuring differences between treatments was found to be 50–100 mm. A comparison of previously pugged to never trodden at this depth showed that hydraulic conductivity had decreased by 80%, pore size by 46% (except for Allophanic Soil), and the proportion of aggregates >60 mm in diameter had increased at least 4-fold. Farming practices that minimise pugging damage, such as on/off grazing, need to be encouraged. It is possible that such programs may permit the soil to recover to a physical state similar to never trodden sites.

Effect of long-term conventional tillage and no-tillage systems on soil and water quality at the field scale

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.S. Tan ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
W.D. Reynolds ◽  
J.D. Gaynor ◽  
T.Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Tillage Systems

No-tillage (NT) is becoming increasingly attractive to farmers because it clearly reduces soil erosion and production costs relative to conventional tillage (CT). However, the impacts of no-tillage on the quantity and quality of tile drainage water are less well known. Accordingly, two adjacent field scale on-farm CT and NT sites were established to compare the impacts of the two tillage systems on tile drainage and NO3-N loss in tile drainage water. The effect of the two tillage systems on soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, and earthworm population were also investigated. The total NO3-N loss in tile drainage water over the 5-yr period (1995-1999) was 82.3 kg N ha−1 for the long-term NT site and 63.7 kg N ha−1 for the long-term CT site. The long-term NT site had 48% more tile drainage (6,975 kL ha−1) than the long-term CT site (4,716 kL ha−1). The average flow weighted mean (FWM) NO3-N concentration in tile drainage water over the 5-yr period was 11.8 mg N L−1 for the NT site and 13.5 mg N L−1 for the CT site. For both tillage systems, approximately 80% of tile drainage and NO3-N loss in tile drainage water occurred during the November to April non-growing season. Long-term NT improved wet aggregate stability, increased near-surface hydraulic conductivity and increased both the number and mass of earthworms relative to long-term CT. The greater tile drainage and NO3-N loss under NT were attributed to an increase in continuous soil macropores, as implied by greater hydraulic conductivity and greater numbers of earthworms.

Russia’s Development Strategy: Guidelines and Restrictions

2008 ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Senchagov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Conceptual Basis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The core of Russia’s long-term socio-economic development strategy is represented by its conceptual basis. Having considered debating points about the essence and priority of the strategy, the author analyzes the logic and stages of its development as well as possibilities, restrictions and risks of high GDP rates of growth.

Crop residue application at low rates could improve soil phosphorus cycling under long-term no-tillage management

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511
Author(s):  
Guohui Wu ◽  
Kai Wei ◽  
Zhenhua Chen ◽  
Dongqi Jiang ◽  
Hongtu Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Cycling ◽  
No Tillage

scholarly journals Biogeochemical Controls on the Potential for Long-Term Contaminant Leaching from Soils Developing on Historic Coal Mine Spoil

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
David Singer ◽  
Elizabeth Herndon ◽  
Laura Zemanek ◽  
Kortney Cole ◽  
Tyler Sanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Mine Spoil ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Undisturbed Soil

Coal mine spoil is widespread in US coal mining regions, and the potential long-term leaching of toxic metal(loid)s is a significant and underappreciated issue. This study aimed to determine the flux of contaminants from historic mine coal spoil at a field site located in Appalachian Ohio (USA) and link pore water composition and solid-phase composition to the weathering reaction stages within the soils. The overall mineralogical and microbial community composition indicates that despite very different soil formation pathways, soils developing on historic coal mine spoil and an undisturbed soil are currently dominated by similar mineral weathering reactions. Both soils contained pyrite coated with clays and secondary oxide minerals. However, mine spoil soil contained abundant residual coal, with abundant Fe- and Mn- (oxy)hydroxides. These secondary phases likely control and mitigate trace metal (Cu, Ni, and Zn) transport from the soils. While Mn was highly mobile in Mn-enriched soils, Fe and Al mobility may be more controlled by dissolved organic carbon dynamics than mineral abundance. There is also likely an underappreciated risk of Mn transport from coal mine spoil, and that mine spoil soils could become a major source of metals if local biogeochemical conditions change.

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