scholarly journals Leaching potential of S-metolachlor in a medium-textured Oxisol soil with bioindicator plants

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Ana P. da Silva ◽  
Ricardo F. Marques ◽  
Antônio C. da Silva Junior ◽  
Sidnei R. de Marchi ◽  
Dagoberto Martins
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Bioindicator Species ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rainfall Level

ABSTRACT Information about the impact of herbicides in the soil based on the growth of bioindicator species is extremely useful in developing crop management strategies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the leaching potential of the herbicide S-metolachlor under different natural precipitations in medium-textured Oxisol using bioindicator plants. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with four replicates and treatments arranged in a 3 × 8 factorial scheme [three indexes of precipitation occurred in the environment before the collection of the samples (50, 91, and 131 mm) and eight depths in the soil profile (0-0.03; 0.03-0.06; 0.06-0.09; 0.09-0.12; 0.12-0.15; 0.15-0.20; 0.20-0.25; 0.25-0.30 m)]. PVC columns were used, maintaining the original soil integrity during sampling after accumulating the stipulated natural precipitation. Longitudinal sections separated the columns to sow the bioindicator species (cucumber, lettuce, Alexander grass, and sorghum). The phytotoxicity symptoms of bioindicator plants were evaluated, adopting a phytotoxicity visual scale between 0 and 100%, at 5, 7, 9, and 11 days after seeding. The responses of the bioindicator species to the residual effect of the herbicide S-metolachlor were variable and depended on the rainfall level. Generally, in a medium-textured Oxisol, the higher values of concentration of S-metolachlor occurs in depths ranging between 0 and 0.06 m. The maximum leaching depth detected was 0.12-0.15 m with 131 mm of precipitation. Cucumber was the most sensitive species to the presence of S-metolachlor in an Oxisol of medium-texture since it presents symptoms of phytotoxicity at higher depths.

scholarly journals Evaluation of leaching potential of tebuthiuron using bioindicator plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Carlos da Silva Junior ◽  
Clebson Gomes Gonçalves ◽  
Juliana Roberta Gobi Queiroz ◽  
Dagoberto Martins
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bioindicator Species ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Loam Soil

ABSTRACT: The last destination of most herbicides used in agricultural systems is the soil. This is a dynamic interaction; herbicides can remain in the soil solution or be carried through the soil profile, reaching the water table. The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching potential of the tebuthiuron herbicide using bioindicator plants grown in an Oxisol of sandy loam texture and in an Entisol of clay texture, after the occurrence of natural rainfall events. A complete randomized experimental design was used, in a 3×8 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of three accumulated natural rainfall depths (30-40, 60-80, and 100-120 mm) and eight soil profile layers (0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 cm). Soil samples were collected after the tebuthiuron herbicide application - 750 for clayey soil, and 600 g ha-1 for the sandy loam soil -and the rainfall events. PVC pipes with length of 30 cm and diameter of 15 cm were introduced into the soil profile for sampling. The pipes with soil columns were carefully removed by digging around them, to maintain the soil original integrity during collection and, subsequently, cut longitudinally for sowing the bioindicator species - cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Then, the phytotoxicity in the bioindicator plants grown in these soils were evaluated at 5, 7, 10, and 12 days after sowing, using a grading scale of 0 to 100%. The mobility of the tebuthiuron herbicide was low in both soils, regardless of the rainfall depth, and the cucumber was the most suitable plant species to use as a bioindicator.

scholarly journals Vinasse in the diet of lactating sows and its effect on litter

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e48152
Author(s):  
Dandara Silva Barros ◽  
Jean kaique Valentim ◽  
Silvana Lúcia dos Santos Medeiros ◽  
Sandra Regina Faria ◽  
Isabelli Dias Brito Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to verify the impact of adding vinasse as an acidifier in sows diet during the lactating period and its effect on litter. A total of 14 agroceres females were used from the first day of lactation until weaning. The vinasse was obtained in a mill near the experimental facility and was stored in sterilized barrels. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design into two treatments: control liquid diet and liquid diet with the inclusion of vinasse in each feed supply of the day. The diets were supplied four times a day, containing a mixture of ½ L of vinasse and ½ L of water. Feed leftovers were weighted daily. Feed intake was used to evaluate sows’ performance. The piglets were weighted every week after birth until weaning in order to obtain weight gain. Vinasse inclusion showed an increase (p < 0.05) in feed intake of lactating sows, improving diet palatability. Inclusion of acidifier in the diet did not show (p > 0.05) difference in weight gain of piglets. Vinasse consumption by sows did not influence litter performance. The inclusion of vinasse in the diet of lactating sows is beneficial because increases feed consumption.

scholarly journals Thermal requirements of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) lines in Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Cristiane Ramos Coutinho ◽  
Suyanne Araújo de Souza ◽  
Antônia Débora Dos Santos Pontes ◽  
Mauricio Sekiguchi de Godoy ◽  
Fabricio Fagundes Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature on the development of two lines of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), to determine the thermal requirements of this parasitoid wasp on Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. The experiment was carried out with two lines (“Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, Ceará State) of T. pretiosum collected naturally parasitizing eggs of N. elegantalis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. In this experiment, 40 eggs of the host N. elegantalis and 4 females of the parasitoids were used, with exposure to parasitism for 24 hours at 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10 %, and 12-h photophase. At the end of this period, females were removed and the tubes were transferred to incubators (RH = 70 ± 10 %; 12-h photophase), exposed to 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 °C, until emergence of the following generation of the parasitoids. The percentage of emergence, sex ratio, the number of parasitoids that emerged per egg, and cycle duration were assessed. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (temperatures) and 12 replicates. ANOVA was conducted and the means were compared by Tukey test (P < 0.05). The base temperatures were 10.77 °C and 10.86 °C and the number of generations per year were 33.29 and 35.63 for “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, respectively. The study showed that temperature changed the biological parameters, and cycle duration of the “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba” lines decreased as temperature increased.

Public Opinion on the Harshness of Local Courts

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon K. Applegate ◽  
Joseph B. Sanborn
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Question Wording ◽  
National Opinion Research ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
Question Form ◽  
The Impact

Drawing on framing theory, the present study tests the impact of question wording on people’s reported opinions about the harshness of their local courts. A randomized experimental design tested two salient variations against the standard wording used in the National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey (GSS). The results indicated statistically significant differences, with fewer respondents expressing a desire for greater harshness with the alternative forms than the standard question form. Four of the five correlates that the authors examined also showed differential relationships with punitiveness among the question forms. These findings suggest that scholars should carefully consider the meaning of people’s responses when interpreting the GSS question as an indicator of public punitiveness.

scholarly journals Effect of ancient grains and grain-free carbohydrate sources on extrusion parameters and nutrient utilization by dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3758-3767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Charles Gregory Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ancient grain and grain-free carbohydrate sources on extrusion process, nutrient utilization, and palatability by dogs. Two maintenance dog diets were formulated with same proportions of carbohydrates: 1) ancient grain diet (AG) with spelt, millet, and sorghum; and 2) grain-free diet (GF) which had potato, peas, and tapioca starch. Experimental diets were extruded over 5 replicates in a completely randomized experimental design. Digestibility was carried out with 12 dogs in a switch-back experimental design. The GF diet required 22.6 and 25.9% more (P < 0.05) specific mechanical energy and in-barrel moisture input, respectively, than AG to produce kibbles out of the extruder with similar bulk density (P > 0.05). After drying, GF kibbles were less dense and more expanded, but harder than AG kibbles (P < 0.05). Dogs preferred GF over AG in the palatability assessment of uncoated kibbles. Apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, crude protein, and crude fat were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). However, total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibility was 31.9% greater for dogs fed GF (P < 0.05). Moreover, wet fecal output was higher, and fecal dry matter was lower for dogs under GF (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that GF and AG diets behaved differently during extrusion, but were similarly utilized by dogs, with exception of TDF. Thus, fiber content of grain-free diets should be monitored to maximize fecal quality.

scholarly journals Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Impact of Attachment Imagery on Paranoia and Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1161
Author(s):  
Monica Sood ◽  
Katherine Newman-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Secure Attachment ◽  
Cognitive Fusion ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Interpersonal Threat ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Paranoia, in both clinical and non-clinical groups, is characterised by unfounded interpersonal threat beliefs. Secure attachment imagery attenuates paranoia, but little is known about the mechanisms of change. Cognitive fusion describes the extent to which we can ‘step back’ from compelling beliefs, to observe these as mental events, and is implicated in psychopathology cross-diagnostically. Aims This study extends previous research demonstrating the impact of attachment imagery on paranoia and anxiety to determine whether cognitive fusion mediates these relationships. Method We utilised a randomized experimental design and recruited an analogue sample with high levels of non-clinical paranoia to test the impact of imagery and the role of cognitive fusion. Results Secure attachment imagery resulted in reduced paranoia and anxiety compared to threat/insecure imagery. Cognitive fusion mediated the relationships between imagery and paranoia, and imagery and anxiety. Conclusions Secure attachment imagery is effective in reducing paranoia and anxiety and operates via cognitive fusion. In clinical practice, these interventions should seek to facilitate the ability to ‘step back’ from compelling threat beliefs, in order to be most beneficial.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

scholarly journals Immunization Strategies for Funding Multiple Inflation-Linked Retirement Income Benefits

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Cláudia Simões ◽  
Luís Oliveira ◽  
Jorge M. Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Yield Curve ◽  
Risk Measure ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Retirement Income ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Protecting against unexpected yield curve, inflation, and longevity shifts are some of the most critical issues institutional and private investors must solve when managing post-retirement income benefits. This paper empirically investigates the performance of alternative immunization strategies for funding targeted multiple liabilities that are fixed in timing but random in size (inflation-linked), i.e., that change stochastically according to consumer price or wage level indexes. The immunization procedure is based on a targeted minimax strategy considering the M-Absolute as the interest rate risk measure. We investigate to what extent the inflation-hedging properties of ILBs in asset liability management strategies targeted to immunize multiple liabilities of random size are superior to that of nominal bonds. We use two alternative datasets comprising daily closing prices for U.S. Treasuries and U.S. inflation-linked bonds from 2000 to 2018. The immunization performance is tested over 3-year and 5-year investment horizons, uses real and not simulated bond data and takes into consideration the impact of transaction costs in the performance of immunization strategies and in the selection of optimal investment strategies. The results show that the multiple liability immunization strategy using inflation-linked bonds outperforms the equivalent strategy using nominal bonds and is robust even in a nearly zero interest rate scenario. These results have important implications in the design and structuring of ALM liability-driven investment strategies, particularly for retirement income providers such as pension schemes or life insurance companies.

scholarly journals Understanding the Impact of Different Landscape-Level Fuel Management Strategies on Wildfire Hazard in Central Portugal

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Akli Benali ◽  
Ana C. L. Sá ◽  
João Pinho ◽  
Paulo M. Fernandes ◽  
José M. C. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Fuel Treatment ◽  
The North ◽  
Wildfire Hazard ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
The Impact

The extreme 2017 fire season in Portugal led to widespread recognition of the need for a paradigm shift in forest and wildfire management. We focused our study on Alvares, a parish in central Portugal located in a fire-prone area, which had 60% of its area burned in 2017. We evaluated how different fuel treatment strategies may reduce wildfire hazard in Alvares through (i) a fuel break network with different extents corresponding to different levels of priority and (ii) random fuel treatments resulting from a potential increase in stand-level management intensity. To assess this, we developed a stochastic wildfire simulation system (FUNC-SIM) that integrates uncertainties in fuel distribution over the landscape. If the landscape remains unchanged, Alvares will have large burn probabilities in the north, northeast and center-east areas of the parish that are very often associated with high fireline intensities. The different fuel treatment scenarios decreased burned area between 12.1–31.2%, resulting from 1–4.6% increases in the annual treatment area and reduced the likelihood of wildfires larger than 5000 ha by 10–40%. On average, simulated burned area decreased 0.22% per each ha treated, and cost-effectiveness decreased with increasing area treated. Overall, both fuel treatment strategies effectively reduced wildfire hazard and should be part of a larger, holistic and integrated plan to reduce the vulnerability of the Alvares parish to wildfires.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Root-Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) and Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) on Diverse Cereal Cultivars in a Conservation Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
John P. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Clewett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
The Impact

In two experiments on a farm practicing conservation agriculture, the grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was significantly (p < 0.001) negatively related to the post-harvest population densities of Pratylenchus thornei in the soil profile to 45 cm depth. In a third and fourth experiment with different rotations, methyl bromide fumigation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (a) a low initial population density of P. thornei in the soil profile to 90 cm depth and (b) a high initial population of P. thornei to 45 cm depth, and a medium level of the crown rot fungus, Fusarium pseudograminearum, at 0–15 cm depth to a low level. For a range of wheat and durum cultivars, grain yield and response to fumigation were highly significantly (p < 0.001) related to (a) the P. thornei tolerance index of the cultivars in the third experiment, and (b) to both the P. thornei tolerance index and the crown rot resistance index in the fourth experiment. In the latter, grain yield was significantly (p < 0.001) positively related to biomass at anthesis and negatively related to percentage whiteheads at grain fill growth stage. One barley cultivar was more tolerant to both diseases than the wheat and durum cultivars. Crop rotation, utilizing crop cultivars resistant and tolerant to both P. thornei and F. pseudograminearum, is key to success for conservation farming in this region.

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