scholarly journals Primary metabolite mobilization during germination in rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) seeds

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Braga Souza Lima ◽  
José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves ◽  
Silvana Cristina Pando ◽  
Andréia Varmes Fernandes ◽  
André Luis Wendt dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Starch Mobilization

This study aimed to characterize protein, oil, starch and soluble sugar mobilization as well as the activity of alpha-amylase during rosewood seed germination. Germination test was carried out at 25°C and the following parameters were analyzed: percentage of germination, initial, average, and final germination time. Seed reserve quantification was monitored in quiescent seeds and during different stages of radicle growth. Starch mobilization was studied in function of a-amylase activity. Germination reached 87.5% at the initial, average, and final time of 16, 21 and 30 days, respectively. Oil mobilization showed a negative linear behavior, decreasing 40% between the first and the last stage analyzed, whereas protein levels increased 34.7% during the initial period of germination. Starch content (46.4%) was the highest among those of the metabolites analyzed and starch mobilization occurred inversely to the observed for soluble sugars; alpha-amylase activity increased until the 15th day, a period before radicle emission and corresponding to the highest starch mobilization. The high percentage of rosewood seed germination may be related to the controlled condition used in the germination chamber as well as to high seed reserve mobilization, in special oil and starch.

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes in Starch Metabolism and Endogenous Hormones during Stolon Formation in Tulipa edulis

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Miao ◽  
Qiaosheng Guo ◽  
Zaibiao Zhu ◽  
Xiaohua Yang ◽  
Changlin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Middle Period

The stolon is the main asexual reproductive organ of the medicinal plant Tulipa edulis and has special morphology. In the greenhouse experiment presented herein, the dynamic changes in carbohydrates and related enzymes, proteins, and endogenous hormones of stolons during T. edulis stolon formation were investigated. The results showed that the content of total soluble sugar, sucrose, reducing sugar, fructose, and starch were all significantly enhanced in the middle period when stolon emerged and maintained at relatively high levels until the later period of stolon formation, while protein content decreased during stolon formation. The activities of amylase (AMY), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS) peaked in the initial period and were negatively correlated with soluble sugars. However, adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity increased as stolon formation progressed, and the changes in soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities presented a single peak, reaching their maximums in the middle period. AGPase, SSS, and GBSS activities were all positively related to starch content. Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verified the changes in SS and SSS activities via the expression levels of the SS, SSSI, and SSSII genes. The gibberellin (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) content attained their maximum in the initial period of stolon formation. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) remained at high levels during the initial and middle period and decreased significantly during the later period of stolon formation, inversely to the ratio of ABA:IAA. Analysis of the physiological changes in T. edulis stolon indicated that the accumulation of soluble sugars and starch via various enzymes, a high level of IAA and a low ABA to IAA ratio mainly contributed to stolon development of T. edulis. This paper explored carbohydrate levels and endogenous hormones profiles during stolon formation, which provided the theory basis for further regulating stolon growth of T. edulis.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Starch Metabolism in Castanea henryi Seed (Fagaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Ruqiang Lin ◽  
Yuting Jiang ◽  
Shuzhen Jiang ◽  
Yuanfang Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Carbohydrate Storage

Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant’s life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0–10 days and decreased in 10–35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0–30 days and increased in 30–35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.

scholarly journals YIELD, PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEEDS, PRODUCED IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-239
Author(s):  
Tiago Pedó ◽  
Angelita Celente Martins ◽  
Dominique Dos Santos Delias ◽  
Emanuela Garbin Martinazzo ◽  
Vinícius Jardel Szareski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physiological Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and physiological quality of bean seeds in two agricultural crops, and the chemical composition of seedlings submitted to adverse temperatures during germination. For the field experiment, a randomized block design was used, using five genotypes, BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiú, Guabiju, Carioquinha and Mouro, arranged in four replicates. The experimental units were composed of five lines with five meters in length, where 25 plants were randomly collected per experimental unit to measure the characters of interest. For laboratory testing the seeds produced were submitted to three temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) during germination under controlled conditions. The evaluated characters were: grain yield, mass of a thousand seeds, germination, first germination count, starch content, soluble sugar, soluble protein and total amino acids. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and later compared by the Tukey test. Yield per plant revealed changes between the agricultural crops, as well as among the genotypes tested. Germination and the first germination count revealed higher magnitudes in seeds produced by BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiu and Carioquinha genotypes. For all genotypes, protein and amino acid levels were higher in seedlings submitted to lower temperatures. The levels of starch and total soluble sugars were higher in seedlings produced at 35°C. Yield, seed physiological quality and chemical composition of seedlings are influenced by the crop and genotypes tested.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 648d-648
Author(s):  
Jack W. Buxton ◽  
Donna Switzer ◽  
Guoqiang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Lower Light Intensity

Marigold seedlings, 3 weeks old, were grown in natural light growth chambers at 3 day/night temperature regimes, 8°N/16°D, 13°N/20°D and 18°N/24°D, in a factorial combination with ambient and 1000-1500 ppm CO2. Seedlings were harvested at regular intervals during a 24 hr period and were analyzed for soluble sugars (reducing sugars and sucrose) and starch. Neither temperature nor CO2 concentration affected the accumulation of soluble sugars or starch during the day or night. The soluble sugar concentration ranged from 3% of dry weight at sunrise to 6% at mid-day; the concentration changed little during the night. Light intensity was different during replications of the experiment. Increased light intensity appeared to cause a slight increase in the soluble sugars maintained by the seedling during the day. Accumulated starch increased 6% to 8% from sunrise to late afternoon. Preliminary results indicate that light intensity greatly affected the concentration of starch. On the higher light intensity day, starch accumulated to a maximum of 18% of dry weight; whereas on the lower light intensity day the maximum concentration was 10%. During the night following the lower light intensity day, the starch concentration decreased to approximately 3% by the end of the night; following a brighter day the starch content was 13% at the end of the night.

scholarly journals A Forced Ventilation Micropropagation System for Photoautotrophic Production of Sweetpotato Plug Plantlets in a Scaled-up Culture Vessel: II. Carbohydrate Status

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra B. Wilson ◽  
Jeongwook Heo ◽  
Chieri Kubota ◽  
Toyoki Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Forced Ventilation ◽  
Starch Concentration

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., `Beniazuma'] plantlets were grown photoautotrophically (without sugar) for 12 days in an improved forced ventilation system designed with air distribution pipes for uniform spatial distributions of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Enriched CO2 conditions and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) were provided at 1500 μmol·mol-1 and 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. The forced (F) ventilation treatments were designated high (FH), medium (FM), and low (FL), corresponding to ventilation rates of 23 mL·s-1 (1.40 inch3/s), 17 mL·s-1 (1.04 inch3/s), and 10 mL·s-1 (0.61 inch3/s), respectively, on day 12. The natural (N) ventilation treatment was extremely low (NE) at 0.4 mL·s-1 (0.02 inch3/s), relative to the forced ventilation treatments. Total soluble sugar (TSS) and starch content were determined on day 12. Total soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) of FH plantlets were lowest in leaf tissue and highest in stem tissue as compared to other ventilation treatments. Starch concentration was higher in leaf tissue of FH or FM plantlets as compared to that of FL or NE plantlets. Plantlets subjected to FH or FM treatments exhibited significantly higher net photosynthetic rates (NPR) than those of the other treatments; and on day 12, NPR was almost five times higher in the FH or FM treatment than the FL or NE treatments. Carbohydrate concentration of plantlets was also influenced by the position of the plantlets in the vessel. Within the forced ventilation vessels, leaf TSS of FH and FM plantlets was similar regardless of whether plantlets were located near the inlet or outlet of CO2 enriched air. However, under FH or FM conditions, leaf starch concentration was higher in plantlets located closest to the CO2 inlet as compared to the outlet.

scholarly journals USE OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND AGGLOMERATIVE HIERARCHY CLUSTERING TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALPHA AMYLASE AND STARCH DURING FERMENTATION OF OGI FROM MAIZE, SORGHUM AND ACHA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Adekunbi A. Malomo ◽  
Omowumi I. Olaniyi ◽  
Abiola F. Olaniran ◽  
Sunbo H. Abiose
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Total Starch

Ogi, a popular breakfast cereal and weaning food in West Africa was produced from maize, acha and sorghum. Ogi was produced from the three cereals and the gruels obtained were subjected to fermentation. The total starch content and alpha amylase activity during the period of fermentation of the ogi slurries were evaluated using standard methods. Total starch content was determined at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h and α-amylase activity was also determined at 10 oC, 20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The outcome of the research showed that α-amylase activity increased with increase in temperature and was highest in maize ogi (1.507 – 4.458 E. U) while acha ogi (0.497 – 3.219 E. U) had the lowest α-amylase activity . The starch content decreased with increase in time of fermentation time and was highest in maize ogi while acha ogi had the lowest. This shows that the higher the temperature of fermentation and longer fermentation time can increase the breakdown of starch by α-amylase in ogi slurry. The result of the Principal component analysis (PCA) showed distinct similarity in maize and acha. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering grouped acha into two groups (groups one and two) but grouped all maize and sorghum ogi samples together into group three. Due to the low starch content and low α-amylase activity observed in acha, it could be utilized in the production of gluten-free ogi with low glycemic index especially for vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Effect of an IAA overproducer mutant of the fungus hebeloma Cylindrosporum romagnesi on the early stages of ectomycorrhizal infection and carbohydrate content in seedlings of Pinus pinaster (ait.) SOL.

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rudawska ◽  
Gilles Gay
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hebeloma Cylindrosporum ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Ectomycorrhizal and control seedlings of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> were cultured on a synthetic Melin-Norkrans medium in Petri dishes. Seedlings were inoculated with a mycelial slurry of an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) overproducer <i>Hebeloma cylindrosporum</i> mutant 331. The wild strain <i>H. cylindrosporum</i> hl was used as a reference. Medium was supplemented or not with glucose. The mycelial slurry appeared to be very effective for mycorrhizal inoculation even on the medium without glucose. In such culture conditions ectomycorrhizal ability of the IAA overproducer mutant 331 was significantly higher than of the comparable wild type. The highest content of soluble sugars was found in stems and roots of plants mycorrhizal with the mutant followed by mycorrhizal plants with the wild type and then by the uninoculated control. Sucrose practically disappeared from roots of mycorrhizal plants. Starch content in roots of mycorrhizal plants with the IAA overproducer mutant was lower as compared with other treatments. Fungal auxin in mycorrhizal symbiosis seems to be responsible for maintaining the source-sink relationship. This is revealed by higher sugar level in the host's photosynthetic tissue (source) and the rise of soluble sugar content in roots (sink) due to enhanced translocation of sugars to the roots and auxin stimulated conversion of carbohydrates (sucrose, starch) of the host.

The effect of sample date and plant density on the carbohydrate content of forage maize and the changes that occur on ensiling

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar

SummaryThe (early maturing) maize hybrid, Anjou 210, was sown on 1 May (1975) and 50000 (LD) and 150000 (HD) plants/ha established. Leaf, stem, ear and husk components of the shoots, and whole shoots were separately examined for changes in dry weight, soluble sugars, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose at regular intervals from 104 to 154 days after planting together with whole shoots after ensiling.Throughout the sampling period whole shoot and ear dry weights increased steadily whereas those of leaf and stem decreased in plants from both treatments.Total soluble sugar contents for plants grown at LD were at a maximum 104 days after planting compared with 125 days after planting for the HD crop. Immediately prior to ensiling whole shoot soluble sugar content was 74 and 93 g/kg D.M. for LD and HD treatments respectively.Small amounts of starch (g/kg D.M.) were found in stems (10–25), husks (40–80) and leaves (17–35) of plants grown at both densities. The starch content of the ear increased from 57 to 390 g/kg D.M. and 168 to 376 g/kg D.M. in plants grown at LD and HD respectively.For plants from both treatments hemicellulose contents of husks, leaves and whole shoots increased with age whereas those of stems decreased. Cellulose contents did not vary greatly over the growing season.On ensiling plants from both densities, total soluble sugars had virtually disappeared after only 3 days. Apparent losses (approximately 0·3 g/g), over a longer period of time, were observed in hemicellulose sugars and starch. Apparent increases were observed in cellulose contents of approximately 0·15 g/g.

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