Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems in poultry production: III. litter reuse, darkling beetle populations and intestinal parasites

It was evaluated the quality of rice husks or soybean straw as litter substrate and the effect of litter reuse for four consecutive flocks of broiler chickens on populations of darkling beetle and intestinal parasite and as organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m poultry houses, internally divided in 4 boxes/poultry house with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each flock with a duration of 42 days and with a 15-day downtime between flocks. The evaluated treatments were two ventilation systems (stationary or oscillating fans) and two litter materials (soybean straw or rice husks). Darkling beetle population was followed by collecting the insects in traps, three traps per box, and endoparasite litter contamination was determined by eggs/oocyst counts per gram of litter. Levels of dry matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, organic carbon and pH were evaluated by physical/chemical analyses of samples of the litters in each flock. Overall, litters of broilers used by three flocks meet the minimal legal requirements to be marketed as simple organic fertilizer, regardless to the material used as substrate. Soybean straw presented higher darkling beetle counts in stationary ventilation system as well as in oscillating ventilation system. The probability of rice husks litter present contamination by Eimeria spp oocysts is 18.78 times higher in rice husks than in soybean straw litter when both are submitted to oscillating ventilation, and 1.32 higher when stationary ventilation is used. Litter temperature does not influence significantly levels of contamination by oocysts.

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Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems in poultry production: I. overall performance

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982011000600027 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1364-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Valéria Maria Nascimento Abreu ◽

Paulo Giovanni de Abreu ◽

Arlei Coldebella ◽

Fátima Regina Ferreira Jaenisch ◽

Virginia Santiago Silva

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Soybean Straw ◽

Foot Pad ◽

Ventilation Systems

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance, mortality and the incidence of lesion on the foot-pad of broilers and litter enterobacteriaceae load in two ventilation systems and two litter materials. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m broiler houses, internally divided in 4 pens, with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each one with 42 days of duration and interval of 15 days of downtime between flocks. It was evaluated two ventilation systems (stationary and oscillating fans), and two litter materials (soybean straw and rice husks). Performance variables studied were body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality of birds at 21, 35, and 42 days of age. Flock mortality was daily recorded, and total mortality was used for analysis. Evaluation of lesions by using foot-pad macroscopic examination was performed in all birds at final weighing. It was also performed quantitative examinations of litter enterobacteria. Statistical analyses were performed by using the mixed model theory for repeated measures and logistical regression. Rice husks litter promoted the best performance of birds at all studied ages. Results did not permit to recommend a ventilation system inasmuch as both had similar performances. Soy straw litter causes a high incidence of foot-pad lesions. Enterobacteria occurrence is lower in reused litter.

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Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems on poultry production: II. thermal comfort

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982011000600026 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1356-1363 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo Giovanni de Abreu ◽

Valéria Maria Nascimento Abreu ◽

Arlei Coldebella ◽

Fátima Regina Ferreira Jaenisch ◽

Doralice Pedroso de Paiva

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Air Velocity ◽

Globe Temperature ◽

Soybean Straw ◽

Ventilation Systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental thermal conditions in broiler houses with two different ventilation systems and two different litter materials. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m broiler houses, internally divided in 4 boxes/poultry house, with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each one with a duration of 42 days with 15 days of downtime between flocks. Treatments tested were two ventilation systems (stationary or oscillating fans), and two types of litter materials (soybean straw or rice husks). It was collected in the center of each pen and in the external enviroment, dry and wet bulb temperatures, black globe temperature, and air velocity. These data were collected at 3-hour intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. at the fourth, fifth and sixth week age of the bird. Based on the data collected at each time, wet and globe temperature index (WBGT) and radiant heat load (RHL) were determined. Litter temperature reaings were also performed by using an infrared thermometer. Effects of flock, ventilation, week, hour and the interactions among factors on the studied variables were evaluated in the analysis of the internal thermal environment by using the theory of mixed models for repeated measures. Ventilation provided by stationary and oscilating fans had equal behavior and it did not affect the studied variable. However, both ventilation systems are sufficient to soften internal thermal conditions in the broiler house in relation to the external environment. Relative humidity of the air is higher when rice husks is used as litter material.

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Determination of Oxytetracycline and 4-Epi-Oxytetracycline Residues in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-320 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 619-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Javiera Cornejo ◽

Ekaterina Pokrant ◽

Magdalena Krogh ◽

Cristóbal Briceño ◽

Héctor Hidalgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Chain ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Edible Tissues

ABSTRACT Antibiotics have been widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, drug residues can remain in products derived from animals after the cessation of the drug therapies. Feathers, in particular, have shown an affinity for antibiotics such as tetracycline, suggesting the persistence of these drugs in nonedible tissue. After the birds are slaughtered, feathers are ground into feather meals, which are used as organic fertilizer or an ingredient in animal diets, thereby entering into the food chain and becoming a potential risk for public health. To evaluate the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-epi-OTC) in the muscles, liver, and feathers, 64 broiler chickens, bred under controlled conditions, were treated orally with a commercial formulation of 10% OTC for 7 days. The analytes were quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. OTC and 4-epi-OTC were found in the feathers for 46 days, whereas they were found in the muscle and liver for only 12 and 6 days, respectively. These results prove that the analytes remain in feathers in higher concentrations than they do in edible tissues after treatment with tetracyclines. Thus, feather meals represent a potential source of antimicrobial residue contamination in the food chain.

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Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01153-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽

Dong Zeng ◽

Abdul Khalique ◽

Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽

Hesong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

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Evaluation of a subunit vaccine candidate (Biotech Vac Cox) against Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens

Poultry Science ◽

10.1016/j.psj.2021.101329 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101329

Author(s):

Emanuel Gumina ◽

Jeffrey W. Hall ◽

Bruno Vecchi ◽

Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco ◽

Brett Lumpkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Subunit Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Candidate ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

A Subunit

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Molecular mechanisms of growth depression in broiler chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) mediated by immune stress: a hepatic proteome study

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00591-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aijuan Zheng ◽

Anrong Zhang ◽

Zhimin Chen ◽

Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽

Wenhuan Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Gallus Domesticus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽

Growth Depression ◽

Stress Group ◽

Immune Stress

Abstract Background Immunological stress decreases feed intake, suppresses growth and induces economic losses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Label-free liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomics techniques were employed to investigate effects of immune stress on the hepatic proteome changes of Arbor Acres broilers (Gallus Gallus domesticus) challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Proteomic analysis indicated that 111 proteins were differentially expressed in the liver of broiler chickens from the immune stress group. Of these, 28 proteins were down-regulated, and 83 proteins were up-regulated in the immune stress group. Enrichment analysis showed that immune stress upregulated the expression of hepatic proteins involved in defense function, amino acid catabolism, ion transport, wound healing, and hormone secretion. Furthermore, immune stress increased valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways. Conclusion The data suggests that growth depression of broiler chickens induced by immune stress is triggered by hepatic proteome alterations, and provides a new insight into the mechanism by which immune challenge impairs poultry production.

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Dissemination of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter spp. within an Integrated Commercial Poultry Production System

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.5.3441-3447.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 3441-3447 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Umelaalim Idris ◽

Jingrang Lu ◽

Marie Maier ◽

Susan Sanchez ◽

Charles L. Hofacre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Broiler Breeders ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

Multiple Levels

ABSTRACTWhile characterizing the intestinal bacterial community of broiler chickens, we detected ε-proteobacterial DNA in the ilea of 3-day-old commercial broiler chicks (J. Lu, U. Idris, B. Harmon, C. Hofacre, J. J. Maurer, and M. D. Lee, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.69:6816-6824, 2003). The sequences exhibited high levels of similarity toCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colisequences, suggesting that chickens can carryCampylobacterat a very young age.Campylobactersp. was detected by PCR in all samples collected from the ilea of chicks that were 3 to 49 days old; however, it was detected only in the cecal contents of chickens that were at least 21 days old. In order to determine whether the presence ofCampylobacterDNA in young chicks was due to ingestion of the bacteria in food or water, we obtained commercial broiler hatching eggs, which were incubated in a research facility until the chicks hatched. DNA sequencing of the amplicons resulting fromCampylobacter-specific 16S PCR performed with the ileal, cecal, and yolk contents of the day-of-hatching chicks revealed thatCampylobacterDNA was present before the chicks consumed food or water. The 16S rRNA sequences exhibited 99% similarity toC. jejuniandC. colisequences and 95 to 98% similarity to sequences of other thermophilicCampylobacterspecies, such asC. lariandC. upsaliensis. The presence ofC. coliDNA was detected by specific PCR in the samples from chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery; however, noCampylobacterwas detected by culturing. In order to determine whether the same strains of bacteria were present in multiple levels of the integrator, we culturedCampylobactersp. from a flock of broiler breeders and their 6-week-old progeny that resided on a commercial broiler farm. The broiler breeders had been given fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and we sought to determine whether the same fluoroquinolone-resistant strain was present in their progeny. The isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which confirmed that the parental and progeny flocks contained the same strain of fluoroquinolone-resistantC. coli. These data indicate that resistantC. colican be present in multiple levels of an integrated poultry system and demonstrated that molecular techniques or more sensitive culture methods may be necessary to detect early colonization byCampylobacterin broiler chicks.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chickens in Zambia

10.21203/rs.2.14062/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Open Markets

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries like Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella isolated from dressed broiler chickens purchased from open markets and supermarkets in Zambia.Results A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux ® ) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 different antibiotics and multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tetA, Sul1 and CTXM. AST results were entered and analyzed in WHONET 2018 software. A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were identified. Among the E. coli isolates, Tetracycline recorded the highest resistance of 79.4%, followed by Ampicillin 51.9%, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 49.7%, Nalidixic Acid 24.3%, Chloramphenicol 16.4%, Cefotaxime 16.4%, Ciprofloxacin 10.1%, Colistin 7.4%, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 6.9%, and Imipenem 1.1%. Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the isolates possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.Conclusion This study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw broiler chickens from both open markets and supermarkets. Such resistance is of public health concern and measures need to be put in place to regulate the use of these antimicrobials in poultry production.

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Effect of Prebiotics from Mannan Oligosaccharides and Fructo-oligosaccharides on Physio-biochemical Indices, Antioxidant and Oxidative Stability of Broiler Chicken Meat

10.21203/rs.3.rs-275707/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avishek Biswas ◽

Namit Mohan ◽

Kapil Dev ◽

N A Mir ◽

Ashok Kumar Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stability ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Control Diet ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Plate Count ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Biochemical Indices ◽

Mannan Oligosaccharides

Abstract Antibiotics have revolutionized the intensive poultry production system as a feed additive by promoting growth, production and meat quality through improving gut health and reduction of sub-clinical infections during last five decades. However, currently, the usage of antibiotics in poultry production is under severe scientific and public scrutiny, because antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) has been linked to the possible development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which may pose a threat to human health. After European Union ban on in feed antibiotics as growth promoter in poultry, since 2006, prebiotics offer a potential substitute to in feed antibiotics. In this effort, the objective of this present study was to investigate the potentiality of prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharides-MOS and fructo-oligosaccharides-FOS) in replacement of antibiotic growth promoter and their relationship with physio-biochemical indices, antioxidant and oxidative stability and carcass traits of broiler chickens meat. 240 day-old broiler chicks (1 d) of uniform body weight were divided into 30 replicate groups having 8 birds in each. Six corn based dietary treatments were formulated viz. T1 (control diet), T2 (T1 + Bacitracin methylene di-salicylate @ 20 mg/kg diet), T3 (T1 + 0.1% MOS), T4 (T1 + 0.2% MOS), T5 (T1 + 0.1% FOS), and T6 (T1 + 0.2% FOS). Significant (P<0.05) increase in cut up part yields (%) and reduction in cholesterol and fat content in T4 (0.2 % MOS) group. The water holding capacity (WHC) and extract release volume (ERV) were increase (P<0.05) in 0.1 or 0.2 % MOS supplemented group. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy) was higher (P<0.05) and lipid oxidation (free fatty acid and thio-barbituric acid reactive substances) was lower (P<0.05) in T4 group. The standard plate count (SPC), staphylococcus and coliform counts were decreased (P<0.05) in T3 or T4 group. Thus, it can be concluded that mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) may be incorporated at 0.2% level in diet for improved physio-biochemical indices, antioxidant and oxidative stability and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens meat and it may be suitable replacer of antibiotic growth promoter.

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Air Flow Straighteners’ Application to Reduce the Power Consumption of Exhaust Ventilation Schemes

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.875.137 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 875 ◽

pp. 137-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Valery N. Azarov ◽

Natalia M. Sergina ◽

I.V. Stefanenko

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Air Flow ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Aerodynamic Resistance ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Swirling Flows ◽

Dust Collector ◽

Exhaust Ventilation ◽

Outlet Pipe ◽

Ventilation Systems

It was proposed to use air flow screw straightened units in outlet pipe of the dust collectors to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of exhaust ventilation systems. It is allowed to decrease power consumption for their maintenance operation consequently. The article describes the results of experimental studies to evaluate its effectiveness by applying the tangential screw straightened unit within ventilation system. The obtained results showed that the use of this device allows reducing the aerodynamic resistance of the cyclone by 14.6%, and for counter-swirling flows’ dust collector (CSFC) by 17.2-23.6%. It was found that meanings of the aerodynamic resistance depend on value the share proportion of the flow entering into lower CSFC apparatus’ input.

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