Differences in Rent Growth by Income 1985-2019 and Implications for Real Income Inequality

FEDS Notes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3012) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Larsen ◽  
◽  
Raven Molloy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
The Us

Large and growing income differentials in the US have generated a mounting interest in income inequality among economists. The average income in the highest quintile of households increased by about 70 percent in real terms from 1985 to 2019, whereas the average income of the lowest quintile only increased by 20 percent during this period (Semega et al. 2020).

scholarly journals Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study

BMJ ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 335 (7629) ◽  
pp. 1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E Pickett ◽  
Richard G Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Child Wellbeing ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Us States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rich Countries

Objectives To examine associations between child wellbeing and material living standards (average income), the scale of differentiation in social status (income inequality), and social exclusion (children in relative poverty) in rich developed societies. Design Ecological, cross sectional studies. Setting Cross national comparisons of 23 rich countries; cross state comparisons within the United States. Population Children and young people. Main outcome measures The Unicef index of child wellbeing and its components for rich countries; eight comparable measures for the US states and District of Columbia (teenage births, juvenile homicides, infant mortality, low birth weight, educational performance, dropping out of high school, overweight, mental health problems). Results The overall index of child wellbeing was negatively correlated with income inequality ( r =−0.64, P=0.001) and percentage of children in relative poverty ( r =−0.67, P=0.001) but not with average income ( r =0.15, P=0.50). Many more indicators of child wellbeing were associated with income inequality or children in relative poverty, or both, than with average incomes. Among the US states and District of Columbia all indicators were significantly worse in more unequal states. Only teenage birth rates and the proportion of children dropping out of high school were lower in richer states. Conclusions Improvements in child wellbeing in rich societies may depend more on reductions in inequality than on further economic growth.

Agricultural Trade and Ultra-Poor in Pakistan: An Application of CGE Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962110106
Author(s):  
Saud Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Aamir Khan ◽  
Usman Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Potential Impact

In the modern integrated world, the synthesis of countries for trade is often viewed as a crucial source of income and growth disparities across nations. Well-known channels of economic theory can trace the growth effects of trade. However, there is a substantial conflict among empirical studies regarding gains from agricultural trade. Therefore, this study examines the economy-wide impact of agriculture trade liberalization/protection on agriculture production, agriculture trade, income redistribution and public welfare. An extension of the GTAP model known as MyGTAP is employed and the world economy is disaggregated into 20 regions and 11 sectors with Pakistan as a home country. Further, results explore greater gains from an increased level of liberalization towards the agriculture sector in terms of agriculture production, real factors’ wage, terms of trade and household welfare. Rural households enjoy relatively higher real income and income inequality declines in Pakistan in the case of liberalization and protection. However, comparatively protectionism reduces inequality by the lower extent, and said study also points out that neither change in real gross domestic product nor public welfare turns out to be a good indicator of assessing potential impact of trade policies on income inequality.

The Problem of Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Living standards change in line with GDP per head only if the distribution of incomes is unchanged. If incomes become less equally distributed the living standards of most people will fall even if GDP per head is stable. The Gini Coefficient is the most widely used indicator designed to measure the distribution of income. UK inequality, on this measure, has risen since 1977, stabilized since 1987, and fallen in recent years. In the US there has been a long-term increase in income inequality. Unless this US trend for increased income inequality halts, it is quite likely that even if GDP per head rises in the US, the living standard of the average voter will fall. The recent data suggest that changes in income inequality pose less of a threat to living standards in the UK then they do to those in the US.

scholarly journals Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
J.T. Manning ◽  
B. Fink ◽  
L. Mason ◽  
R. Trivers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Prenatal Testosterone ◽  
Internet Study

Abstract Income inequality is associated positively with disease prevalence and mortality. Digit ratio (2D:4D) – a negative proxy for prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate of prenatal oestrogen – is related to several diseases. This study examined the association of income inequality (operationalized as relative parental income) and children’s 2D:4D. Participants self-measured finger lengths (2D=index finger, and 4D=ring finger) in a large online survey conducted in July 2005 (the BBC Internet Study) and reported their parents’ income. Children of parents of above-average income had low 2D:4D (high prenatal testosterone, low prenatal oestrogen) while the children of parents of below-average income had high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone, high prenatal oestrogen). The effects were significant in the total sample, present among Whites (the largest group in the sample), in the two largest national samples (UK and USA) and were greater for males than females. The findings suggest a Trivers-Willard effect, such that high-income women may prenatally masculinize their sons at the expense of the fitness of their daughters. Women with low income may prenatally feminize their daughters at the fitness expense of their sons. The effect could, in part, explain associations between low income, high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone) and some major causes of mortality such as cardiovascular disease.

Inequality, Protests, and the Progressive Allocation of Cash Transfers in the Argentine Provinces

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Calvo ◽  
Lorena Moscovich
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Median Voter ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Resource Theory ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Power Inequality ◽  
Power Resource Theory ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn the last 20 years, two broadly defined theories have sought to explain the relationship between economic inequality and redistribution. The well-known hypothesis set forth by Meltzer and Richard (1981) states that larger income differences between the median voter and the average income earner should increase redistributive pressures in democratic regimes. Power Resource Theory (PRT), by contrast, argues that income inequality breeds power inequality and should dampen redistribution. Critical to both theories is the translation of redistributive interest into policy signals. This article considers protests as signals that increase the salience of inequality among voters. Results provide evidence that protests facilitate more progressive cash transfers in highly unequal environments but have modest effects in more egalitarian ones.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Regional and Income Inequality in the United States

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salar Khan ◽  
Abu Bakkar Siddique
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Spatial Partitioning ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
The Us

Understanding the spatial or geographical dependence of income inequality and regional inequality is crucial in the study of inequality. This paper employs a multi-scale, multi-mechanism framework to map and analyze historical patterns of regional and income inequality in the United States (US) by using state and regional panel data spanning over a century. To explore the patterns systematically and see the role of spatial partitioning, we organize the data around several established geographical partitions before conducting various geographical information system (GIS) analyses and statistical techniques. We also investigate the spatial dependence of income inequality and regional inequality. We find that spatial autocorrelation exists for both types of inequality in the US. However, the magnitude of spatial dependence for regional inequality is declining whereas it is volatile for income inequality over time. While income inequality has been at its peak in the most recent decades, we also notice that regional inequality is at its lowest point. As for the choice of partitioning, we observe that within inequality dominates for Census Divisions and Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions. Conversely, we see that between inequality overall contributes the most to the inequality among Census Regions.

scholarly journals The Affordable Care Act Reduced Income Inequality In The US

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Matthew Buettgens ◽  
Fredric Blavin ◽  
Clare Pan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Affordable Care Act
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