scholarly journals Determinants of High-tech Export in CEE and CIS Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 486-501
Author(s):  
Igor M. Drapkin ◽  
Anna A. Gainetdinova ◽  
Aksanat Zh. Panzabekova

Any government strives to stimulate export activity in high-tech sectors of its economy. Surprisingly, there are few empirical papers on the determinants of high-tech export to date. This study analyses the economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) due to the differences they experienced in the transition period. To this end, we used the Balassa index, which is based on the concept of revealed comparative advantages. The research examines 73 groups of products from the automotive, chemical, mechanical engineering, electronics and electrical engineering industries in 27 countries from 1995 to 2018. Principal component analysis helped generate an indicator of comparative advantage of hightech industries for each country in each year. It is revealed that CEE countries, as well as the Baltic countries, have achieved significant success in the development of high-tech sectors of the economy, while the CIS countries have shown practically no progress in this direction. The article tests hypotheses on the impact of resources, foreign trade, macroeconomy and innovation on export activity in the country. The following factors stimulate the export growth in high-tech industries of the studied countries: level of wages and resource prices, openness of the economy to foreign trade; tax rate; unemployment rate; quality of human capital. We did not find empirical evidence of the positive impact of inflation, inflows of direct foreign investment, and the level of research and development (R&D) costs on the volume of high-tech export of the examined economies.

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
I. E. Limonov ◽  
M. V. Nesena

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.


Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2305
Author(s):  
Wadim Strielkowski ◽  
Aida Guliyeva ◽  
Ulviyya Rzayeva ◽  
Elena Korneeva ◽  
Anna Sherstobitova

Our paper aims at testing the impact of separate elements of the intellectual capital (IC) represented for instance by the human, structural, and customer capital, on the functioning and performance of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using mathematical modeling. We assess the intellectual capital with respect to the resource-based view theory. Our study is based on the data obtained from the 206 surveys with the representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. We employed a mathematical modeling approach as well as the SPSS application package in order to test our hypotheses about the influence of intellectual capital on the enterprise’s efficiency. Our results helped us to determine that the concept of intellectual capital is practically not used in the management of small and medium-sized enterprises in CIS countries. It becomes apparent that individual techniques for managing intellectual resources can only be identified intuitively, based on an in-depth analysis of the current tasks facing managers. These findings confirmed the positive impact of intellectual capital on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in the conditions of the economies in transition represented hereinafter in our paper by CIS countries, but only with the availability of financial resources and with some important reservations.


Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 160-176
Author(s):  
V. V. Spitsin ◽  
L. Yu. Spitsina

The aim of this work is to model the impact of sustainability and effectiveness on the efficiency of enterprises. The object of the research is the enterprises of high-tech industries and services of Russia. Their efficiency (profitability) is analyzed in the conditions of the crisis period of 2013–2017. The sample includes 1814 enterprises or 9070 observations (1814 enterprises × 5 years). Research methods: regression analysis of panel data, models with random effects. The dependent variable is the net return on assets. Results: we found that effectiveness and sustainability have a highly significant positive impact on the efficiency (profitability) of enterprises in high-tech sectors of Russia in a crisis. Further research revealed a parabolic relationship (inverted U shape) between the share of borrowed capital in the balance sheet and profitability, as well as between the size of the enterprise and profitability. It is shown that enterprises with high stability of revenue dynamics can achieve higher profitability with effective management of the capital structure. Moreover, capital structure management strategies will be different depending on the stability of revenue dynamics. The maximum profitability values are shown by medium-sized enterprises. High revenue stability provides a slower decrease in profitability for large and small enterprises. The obtained patterns can be used by enterprises of high-tech sectors to increase the efficiency of their activities in the conditions of economic instability.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Falkowski

The main objective of this article is to determine the influence of Russia (in terms of their exports to Russia) on the competitiveness of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the international trade of high-tech goods in 2000-2016 in the context of the overall competitiveness of these countries in the international trade in this goods category. To this end, the author’s formula was used, which is a modification of the method of analysis of revealed comparative advantages in foreign trade of a given country developed by B. Balassa, while taking into account a hypothetical situation of total exclusion of exports to a country whose impact on the competitiveness of a given country is under examination. The analysis clearly shows that the influence of Russia (in terms of their exports to Russia) on the international competitiveness of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the area of high-tech goods trade in 2000-2016 was generally positive, although it differed in terms of strength of the impact, with the strongest being the case of Belarus and the weakest being the case of Armenia. However, this did not change the overall uncompetitive position of the analysed EAEU countries in the total international trade of high-tech goods.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Sinha

After the crisis in 1991, the Indian government introduced some changes in its Policy on trade, foreign investment, tariffs, and taxes under the name of New Economic Reforms. The main focus of these reforms has been on liberalization, openness, and export promotion activity. The paper focuses on the impact of development variables on export from India. Developmental variables include infrastructure, human resource, openness, production & market, research & development, resources, and taxation. Each development variable consists of a set of related variables. The paper has used principal component analysis (PCA), composite index and panel regression model. These help to know impact of individual developmental variable on Indias export. The period of study is 1990 2013. The value of KMO is over 0.6 indicating the samples are adequate and the value of Bartletts test is less than 0.05 ensure suitability of PCA. The overall growth rate Indian foreign trade is 3 percent during last more than two decades. Main macro-economic variables are infrastructure, resources, and taxation. The government should strengthen and incorporate these macro-economic variables while making foreign trade policy (i.e. EXIM policy) policy under the umbrella of WTO.


Author(s):  
Леонид Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy ◽  
Елена Басовская ◽  
Elena Basovskaya

The study was made of the relationship between GDP growth rates and individual components of its final use by combining factor analysis using the principal component method and regression analysis. The period from 1955 to 1980 was studied using data on the average annual growth rate of components over fiveyear periods in the countries of the non-socialist world. The growth rates of the various components of the use of GDP at different stages as the fourth technical and economic structure of the fourth dominates and the development of crisis phenomena in the economy has had a variable impact on economic growth. During the crisis period, the impact of the growth of all components of using GDP on economic growth has dropped sharply. The greatest role in this period was played by the growth of current expenditures of the state. Comparison of the structure of the use of GDP using factor analysis by the method of principal components was carried out by the average annual values for the period from 1950 to 1980. As the development crisis approaches, as the models show, the influence of factors of the structure of using GDP on economic growth decreases. During the entire period, high levels of government spending had a negative effect on economic growth. The impact of exports and imports was positive for the entire period studied. Overcoming the crisis in the economies of developed countries led to a transition to a positive impact of investment on economic growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Tran ◽  
Ha Thi Thu Le

Abstract Poverty is a global issue and a lot of attention and efforts of the international community have been made to deal with this problem. Especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when a part of the population could fall into poverty due to rising unemployment and income deduction, identifying the factors affecting poverty becomes particularly important. Financial inclusion has been recognized as one important factor affecting poverty reduction. This research is conducted to investigate the impact of financial inclusion and other control variables on poverty reduction. The study employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a financial inclusion index. Using 2SLS and the GMM regressions for a panel data of 29 European countries during the period from 2011 to 2017, the results show that financial inclusion has a negative impact on poverty at all three poverty lines of USD1.9, 3.2, and 5.5 per day. The proportion of the population aged 15–64 and the ratio of service employment to the total number of employment also have a negative effect on all three levels of POV1.9, POV3.2, and POV5.5. In contrast, GDP per capita, trade openness and the proportion of the population aged from 25 with at least secondary school education have a positive impact on poverty at three levels of poverty. The results confirm that financial inclusion plays an important role in reducing poverty. The study provides a number of recommendations to governments to promote financial inclusion and reduce poverty in the countries.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Yang ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Dian Xia ◽  
Xiaolu Zhou

The possession of civil vehicles in a country or a region often reflects its usage of cars. The purpose of this study is to better understand the regional diversity of civil vehicles’ possession in multiple geographic scales (national, regional, provincial). We also aim to investigate the impact of economic levels on the possession of civil vehicles through the lens of Mk test, Theil index, principal component analysis and panel data models. Results show that the possession quantity of civil vehicles in China changed significantly, with a slow growth in 1996–2005 and a rapid growth in 2006–2015. During 1996–2015, the possession quantity of civil vehicles revealed a spatial inequality. The positive impact of economic development on the possession of civil vehicles is gradually decreasing from east to west and from coastal to inland. From 2000 to 2015, disparities in the spatial distribution of civil vehicles showed a trend of ‘increasing slightly in the first place then decreasing continuously,’ during 2000–2005, within-regional inequalities are greater than between-regional inequalities. The inequalities between provinces in the northern coastal areas (NC) were the main reasons for within-regional inequalities. Since 2006, between-regional inequalities have been greater than within-regional inequalities. The level of economic development has a significant positive impact on the possession of civil vehicles; the spatio-temporal patterns of civil vehicles in most areas are in line with economic development trends.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 1950070 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD KALEEM KHAN ◽  
AHMAD KALEEM ◽  
SALMAN ZULFIQAR ◽  
UMAIR AKRAM

Although the extant literature on corporate finance has largely focused on capital investments, relatively less attention has been paid to identify how research and development (R&D) related investments are financed. This study empirically tests the relationship between the different financing sources used by firms and their intensity of R&D in the rapidly growing economy of China. Furthermore, we posit that the firm’s choice to adopt the finance source for R&D will change if the firm is likely to be in financial constraints. This study finds out an empirical evidence that internally generated cash flows, bank debt, and seasonal public offerings (SPOs) stipulate a positive impact on R&D of Chinese firms, whereas the issuance of bond impacts it negatively. The study also confirms that financially constrained firms perceive the impact of financing sources on their R&D differently than non-financially constrained firms do. Results also slightly differ between high-tech and non-high-tech firms.


Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-366
Author(s):  
Andrés López Radcenco ◽  
María de Lourdes Adrien ◽  
Gretel Ruprechter ◽  
Elena de Torres ◽  
Ana Meikle ◽  
...  

The metabolic alterations associated with the increase in milk production make the transition period critical to the health of dairy cows, usually leading to a higher incidence of disease in periparturient animals. In this manuscript, we describe the use of NMR-based untargeted metabolomics to follow how these changes impact the serum metabolome in a group of 28 transition dairy cows with no initial clinical diseases. Principal component analysis (PCA) of serum 1H NMR data from four weeks before calving to 8 weeks after parturition allowed us to clearly identify four stages during the transition period. Pairwise comparisons using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and univariate data analysis led to the identification of 18 metabolites that varied significantly through these stages. Species such as acetate, betaine, and creatine are observed early after calving, while other markers of metabolic stress, including acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and choline, accumulate significantly at the height of milk production. Furthermore, marked variations in the levels of lactate, allantoin, alanine, and other amino acids reveal the activation of different gluconeogenic pathways following parturition. Concomitant with a return to homeostasis, a gradual normalization of the serum metabolome occurs 8 weeks after calving. Correlations of metabolite levels with dietary and metabolic adaptations based on animal parity could also be identified. Overall, these results show that NMR-based chemometric methods are ideally suited to monitor manifestations of metabolic diseases throughout the transition period and to assess the impact of nutritional management schemes on the metabolism of dairy cows.


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