scholarly journals Transformation of Criteria for the Efficiency of Economic Activities of Countries in the Context of the Modern Model of Globalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Makarova ◽  
Vasilii Rudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
National Economies

Although macroeconomics as an independent economic science emerged only in the twen­tieth century, the first steps in developing the macroeconomic aspect of efficiency were taken several centuries earlier — beginning from the 16th — 17th centuries — at the pre-industrial stage of development of society. Due to the underdevelopment of the production sphere, the search for sources of growth in the efficiency of national economies at that time was mainly carried out from the most general economic positions — as an integral part of solving the main task of the economics of those eras — searching for ways and means of increasing the wealth of nations. At the same time, naturally, among the first were the climatic and foreign economic factors of increasing the efficiency of national economies. For example, factors related to identifying the advantages of various countries in a geographic location and the ability to solve their economic problems by using the most advantageous options for organizing and conducting foreign economic and trade relations. The transition of developed countries to new stages of development — industrial and postindustrial, as well as the selection by John M. Keynes of the new direction of economic research — macroeconomics, historically leads both to a deepening of the meaning of the very category of “macroeconomic efficiency” and to more detailed studies of factors affecting it.

scholarly journals EFFECT AND IMPORTANCE OF CREDIT FLOWS FROM MONETARY POLICY MANAGEMENT ASPECT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Nikola Vidović ◽  
Milenko Dželetović ◽  
Hatidža Beriša
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
World Function

The paper focuses on a topic that explains the impact of credit flows on the conduct of monetary policy, as well as their impact on economic activities within national economies in certain countries in the world. Function and importance for the banking sector, as well as for all economic entities, which are categorized by company size, and the impact on the performance and realization of business activities.By comparing similarities and differences, there is a clear distinction between the basic banking channel of credit and the credit channel in the wider sense, as well as their degree of operation in the period before, during, and after the global economic crisis. The paper highlights the positive effects, as well as the negative, ie how their implementation affects the actors of a country's economic system and what are the consequences with a focus on demand, personal consumption, inflation and employment. The problems of adequate application of the model in periods of recession, as well as the degree of representation in developed countries, moderately developed, and countries in the transition period are studied.

scholarly journals GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK: OFF-SHORE MODEL’S DIVERSIFICATION AND IMPACT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Stoliarchuk ◽  
Denys Ilnytskyy ◽  
Glib Turolev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Objective Reduction ◽  
Real Purchasing ◽  
National Economies

Modern literature lacks systematization and assessment of impact of network of international corporations and their off-shore models on development of national economies in post-industrial times. There is variety of tools besides well-known multinational corporate accounting policies and strategies of MNCs that provide mechanism for the management of transaction costs in reporting period, thus reducing the amount of taxable profit due to application of the method of accelerated depreciation and channels of tax deferrals, which allow to reduce corporate tax payments owing to the objective reduction of real purchasing power of money over time. The purpose of the article is to propose in-depth systematization of balanced pros and cons for further development of national FDI policies aimed at network of MNCs. The paper utilizes a compound methodology of review and systematization to calculate overall impact of offshoring that exceeds 1% of global GDP. While modern financial and economic activities of MNC’s distinguish both internal and external offshoring, the paper focuses upon endogenous one. The key attention is on dominant ones – tax inversion phenomenon is known as base erosion and profit shifting, tax planning strategies, international debt shifting, models of tax treaty shopping, tax deferral, tax hybrids, strategic transfer pricing tools. In business and financial management MNCs resort to the development of extremely complex network structures of parent and subsidiary companies in order to increase international competitive advantages. MNCs make special efforts to recruit staff capable of effectively performing key functions in the field of corporate offshoring. We find huge regional asymmetries in MNCs impact on development of national economies. On one hand, a number of highly profitable corporations pay almost zero tax in favour of their countries of registration; on the other, MNCs create jobs, markets, volumes and asymmetries of geographical structure of differences in the value of goods and services supplied through international trade between developing and developed countries due to enormous scale of business offshoring.

scholarly journals Importance Of Forecasting In Tourism And Hospitality Business

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (05) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Abdulla Olimjonovich Khafizov ◽  
◽  
Sobirjon Samatovich Ruziev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Market Pricing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality

This article analysis the importance of forecasting in tourism and hospitality. In addition, the main task of the article is to forecast the economic processes associated with the sale of services and products in the regions and tourist facilities, identify future trends and factors affecting tourism, forecast the development of tourism infrastructure, integration into the international tourism market, pricing policy, international tourism, an in-depth and extensive study of issues such as the role of research in development. Financial and social forecasting in a market economy is the logical forecast of things to come dependent on the past, the laws of improvement, patterns of the present, and the meaning of future advancement objectives and targets. Forecasting is vital in the hypothesis and practice of dealing with the nation's economy. The travel industry ought to make a solid financial reason for the new statehood, which is resolved to move to market relations, to utilize every one of the assets, to carry the economy into the positions of prosperous, economically developed countries.

Society and World Wide Web in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 248-259
Author(s):  
Mustafa Zihni Tunca ◽  
Isa Ipcioglu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
National Economies

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) become ever more prevalent in last decade. ICTs profoundly affect both global and national economies. Nevertheless, the common view in the literature is that the development of ICTs has been mostly limited to developed countries and has been relatively slower in the rest of the world. There are many factors, affecting the acceptance and use of ICTs in developing countries. Although one of the most appealing research areas in recent years is technology acceptance of consumers, there is a little evidence that the findings of the majority of the technology acceptance studies, carried out in developed countries, could be generalized to developing countries. In this study, it is aimed to investigate why Turkish people use the Internet. After summarizing the recent household ICTs usage statistics, the most popular online activities, offered by the top 100 Turkish websites have been analyzed.

scholarly journals FOUNDATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RADIOELECTRONIC DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (53) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
I. Yakhno ◽  
O. Malyk ◽  
S. Hatsenko ◽  
A. Shyshatskyi
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Radio Electronic ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Electronic Intelligence ◽  
Combat Readiness

The military-political situation around Ukraine is characterized by high dynamism and instability of events and processes. Against the background of the main task of the Armed Forces of Ukraine at the present stage of development is the intensification of intelligence in order to timely prevent the top leadership of Ukraine about possible armed aggression of the Russian Federation, bringing its troops (forces) to higher levels of combat readiness and preventing the active actions of illegal armed groups. Providing information superiority over the enemy today is becoming a prerequisite for conducting military operations. The main type of information support is military intelligence, and its basis is radio-electronic intelligence. The authors of the above-mentioned research carried out an analysis of the influence of external and internal factors influencing the efficiency of conducting radio-electronic intelligence. During the research, the authors used the basic provisions of the theory of radio-electronic intelligence, the theory of communication, the theory of electronic warfare, the theory of signals, and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of conducting radio-electronic intelligence is influenced by the state and level of combat training and combat readiness of the personnel of the radio-intelligence group; operational and technical capabilities of electronic intelligence tools and communication of the forces; the need to move a forces of radio-electronic intelligence; fire influence of the enemy; restrictions that take into account the influence of electronic warfare devices; natural, meteorological, geographical conditions, and so on. The influence of these factors leads to an incomplete realization of the objective capabilities of the forces of radio-electronic intelligence, and in a number of cases, to their significant decrease. Taking into account the above, the direction of further research should be considered the development of a scientific and methodical apparatus for improving the efficiency of conducting radio-electronic intelligence by the forces of radio-electronic intelligence.

PENGARUH PENYELENGGARAAN HAJI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS EKONOMl DI WILAYAH PROPINSI DKI JAKARTA

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Chairul Akmal
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This research analyzes some factors affecting economic activities in relation with the conduct of pilgrimage. Those factors are the pilgrimage cost, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers. The objective of this research is to acquire the information of how each factor and all factors together affect the economic activities. This research also analyzes the effect of foods and drinks expenses, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses, and the effect of miscellaneous expenses on UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises' economic activities.             This research is conducted in DKI Jakarta in 2007. The population of this research is the average economic activities in DKI Jakarta in 2007. There are 42 respondents (Banks), 157 respondents (travel agencies), and 50 respondents (UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises) which are taken as samples from the population using the purposive sampling method. The data is obtained by the researcher using questioners and secondary data which is taken from 1990-2007.             The methodology used in this research is based on. the causal relationship model In testing the hypothesis of this research, the researcher uses the simple and multiple regression methods, and path analysis method. The significant rate a = 0,05 used in determining the interpretation of the statistic result. The data is processed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences) version 12.00.             The results of the analysis in the 1st equation -are (i) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on banks' revenues is quite strong, (ii) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on travel agencies' revenues is quite strong, (iii) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises' revenues is weak.             The results of the analysis in the 2nd equation are (i) the effect, of the amount of pilgrims on Banks' revenues is very weak, (ii) the effect of the amount of pilgrims on travel agencies' revenues is very weak, (iii) the effect of the amount of pilgrims on UMKM - Micro, Smal4 Medium enterprises' revenues is very weak.             The results of the analysis in the 3rd equation are (i) the effect of the amount of pilgrimage officers on banks' revenues is very weak, (ii) the effect of the amount of pilgrimage officers on travel agencies' revenues is very weak, (iii) the effect of the amount officers on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is very weak.   The results of the analysis in the 4th equation are (i) the effect of all three factors which are the pilgrimage cost, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on banks' revenues is very strong, (ii) The effect of all three factors which are pilgrimage costs, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on travel agencies' revenues is strong, (iii) The effect of all three factors which are pilgrimage costs, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is strong.             The result of the analysis in the 5th equation is the effect of foods and drinks expenses on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is weak. In the 6th equation, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses on UMKM-Micro, small Medium enterprises' revenues is weak. In the 7th equation, the effect of miscellaneous expenses on UMKM - Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is quite strong. In the 8th equation, the effect of all three factors which are the effect of foods and drinks expenses, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses, and the effect of miscellaneous expenses simultaneously on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is quite strong.             The implication of the research results mentioned above is the factors in the conduct of pilgrimage do increase the economic activities (Banks, Travel Agencies, and UMKM - Micro, Smal4 Medium enterprises) in DKI Jakarta. Therefore, considering that matter, the General Director of the conduct of pilgrimage division of Department of Religion Republic of Indonesia should determine the pilgrimage cost which is affordable, increase the service, and provide a good information system which will result in a better conduct of the pilgrimage. Key word: The Costs of Hajj, Hajj Officer, Travel Agency, UMKM

European and Ukrainian experience in financial support to farming activities through fiscal instruments

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1063
Author(s):  
E.A. Nepochatenko ◽  
E.T. Prokopchuk ◽  
B.S. Guzar
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Tax Regimes

Subject. The article considers financial regulation through the use of tax mechanisms. Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate European and Ukrainian practices of fiscal incentives for farming through fiscal instruments with VAT playing the key role. Methods. In the study we employed economic and statistical research methods, like monographic, comparison, scientific generalization. Results. Based on the analysis of VAT implementation on farmers in developed countries in Europe we substantiated the conclusion about its focus on simplifying the tax procedures and eliminating the negative impact on operations of economic entities. Special tax treatment (including VAT collection) is mainly used to streamline tax relations, taking into account the specifics of farming, rather than to improve the financial support to farms. We revealed that in the Ukrainian practice its main task is financial support to agricultural production. Conclusions and Relevance. The experience of developed European countries on the use of special tax regimes and taxation procedures should serve as a model for Ukraine. Financial incentives for agricultural production development should be directly supported by the State, and special tax treatment and tax administration should be focused on streamlining tax relations in the region, based on the practice of developed European countries such as UK, Germany, Italy and France.

Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India. By Jagdish N. Bhagwati and T.N. Sirinivasan. New York Columbia University Press (Published by the National Bureau of Economic Research 1975) 261 pages.

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-114
Author(s):  
Abdur Razzaq Shahid
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exchange Control

This volume on India is one of a series of research projects on exchange control, liberalization, and economic development, undertaken for many less developed countries. The study deals with three major topics: exchange control, liberalization, and growth. First, under 'The Anatomy of Exchange Control', the methods of allocation and intervention in the foreign trade and payments practised by the government during the restrictive period 1956-66 and their economic impact are discussed. Then, a detailed analysis of the 'Liberalization Episode' which covers the policies in the period 1966-68, including the June 1966 devaluation, and the episode's effect on price level, economic activity, and exports is given. Finally, the overall growth effects of the foreign trade regime (broadly defined as exchange rate policy plus the frame-work of relevant domestic policies such as industrial licensing), and their possible contribution to India's rather unsatisfactory economic performance are examined.

Government regulation of the Internet as instrument of digital protectionism in case of developing countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152110141
Author(s):  
Nikolai Topornin ◽  
Darya Pyatkina ◽  
Yuri Bokov
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Internet Freedom ◽  
Technological Stage ◽  
Internet Censorship ◽  
Scientific Value

The research is devoted to the study of digital protectionism technologies, in particular, Internet censorship as a non-tariff barrier to digital trade and the determination of the strategic motives of states to use them. The reports ‘Freedom on the Net’ and ‘The network readiness index 2020’ acted as a basic data source for the study of modern instruments of government regulation of interactions in the digital environment. Internet censorship technologies have been considered in six countries with varying levels of Internet freedom: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia and Estonia. The key instruments of digital protectionism as a non-tariff barrier of the digital economy have been identified, such as: localisation requirements; restrictions on cross-border data flow; system of national protection of intellectual property rights; discriminatory, unique standards or burdensome testing; filtering or blocking; restrictions on electronic payment systems or the use of encryption; cybersecurity threats and forced technology transfer. Internet censorship technologies have been demonstrated and their influence on the strategic development of trade relations between economies in cyberspace has been determined. The scientific value of the article lies in substantiating the understanding of Internet censorship as a natural tool for regulating the development of a digital society and international trade relations. Each state at one time goes through a technological stage of development, which leads to the emergence of different levels of digital isolation and integration; and Internet censorship is a natural element in the system of building a national platform economy and consolidating the country’s internal technological and innovative advantages in digital realities.

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