scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THE DESTINATION APPROACH AS AN IMPEDIMENT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAMBLING POLICY AND LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA

Obiter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Segoane Lawrence Monnye
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Casino Gambling ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Gambling Industry ◽  
Gambling Policy

Gambling in South Africa, which the National Gambling Act sanctions, continues to be a flourishing economic activity. The policy approach to gambling has always been to keep gambling venues a distance away from communities because of the negative consequences of gambling, also referred to as problem gambling and the negative moral stigma associated with gambling. The goal of this policy, which is also referred to as the “destination approach” is to circumvent impulse gambling, which may lead to problem gambling. The destination approach can be credited with the development and flourishing of casino gambling resorts throughout South Africa and at present, such resorts serve as artificial tourist attractions.However, the rationale for maintaining the destination approach in gambling policy and the law is no longer sustainable for a number of reasons. Firstly, the increasing incidence of gambling problems, secondly, there is little or no research that indicates the efficacy of the destination approach in curbing problem gambling and thirdly, the emergence of new gambling platforms such as interactive/online gambling means that gambling is conveniently available at the click of a mouse. Furthermore, there is growing evidence of casino operators relocating to areas with a high frequency of customers, such as shopping malls, which undermines the destination approach.Nevertheless, both the National Gambling Policy of 2016 and the National Gambling Amendment Bill of 2016 persist in maintaining the destination approach as a means of limiting accessibility to gambling opportunities and ultimately minimising problem gambling. This is despite the existence of strategies for the prevention of problem gambling. It is the author’s submission that maintaining and applying the destination approach in gambling policy and law, not only hinders competition in the gambling industry but also poses a threat to the enjoyment of gambling as a recreational economic activity, as listed in Schedule 4 of the Constitution. Destination gambling has little or no effect on problem gambling.

scholarly journals Treatment provision for Britain's problem gamblers: present gaps and future opportunities

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanju George ◽  
Alex Copello
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Healthcare Policy ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Gambling Industry ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
Treatment Provision ◽  
High Prevalence

SummaryDespite Britain's high prevalence of problem gambling, its liberal gambling legislation, a rapidly expanding online gambling industry and the impending opening of casinos across the country, treatment provision is grossly inadequate. We discuss some of the present gaps and future opportunities in treating Britain's problem gamblers, and urge Britain's healthcare policy makers, gambling regulators, service commissioners and service providers to do more to help them.

scholarly journals Social service providers' perspectives on casino gambling in older adult clients

2015 ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim L. Stansbury ◽  
Blake Beecher ◽  
Mitzi Schumacher ◽  
Fayetta Martin ◽  
Mary Ann Clute
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Casino Gambling ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Service Providers

There has been an upward trend in gambling, particularly among older adults. With the baby-boomer generation moving toward retirement, this trend is expected to increase. Availability and social acceptability of casinos in the United States are 2 of many precipitating factors for older adults' increased enthusiasm for gambling. Noticeably absent from the literature on casino gambling is the perspective of senior social service providers (SSSPs). The present study used a cross-sectional open-ended questionnaire completed by 88 SSSPs in Washington State. The purpose of this study was to describe the SSSPs' (a) perceptions of older adults' motivations to participate in casino gambling, (b) experience with older adults who have gambling problems, (c) views and knowledge of problem gambling, and (d) perception of the need for training on gambling problems. The most prevalent reasons cited for older adults to patronize casinos were the entertainment of gambling and the desire to win money. The least prevalent reasons included peer pressure, to learn new things, and for a public smoking environment. Many respondents (42.0%) felt that their clients were aware of the risks of casino gambling. However, almost one third (29.5%) reported that their clients were largely unaware of the risks. Almost all of the respondents (85.2%) reported they had not received any training regarding problem gambling. The findings indicate the need to educate SSSPs about the potential positive and negative consequences of casino gambling.

scholarly journals Substitution behaviors among casino gamblers during COVID-19 precipitated casino closures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas Xuereb ◽  
Hyoun S. Kim ◽  
Luke Clark ◽  
Michael Jeremy Adam Wohl
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Casino Gambling ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gambling Involvement

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the closure of licensed casinos throughout the United States of America in March and April 2020. This study sought to examine how Americans who gamble responded to the COVID-19 lockdown, including migration to online gambling, and changes in substance use and use of other technologies. On April 9, 2020, we conducted an online cross-sectional study of 424 Americans who have gambled in the last three months. Self-reported changes in online gambling and other addictive behaviors since the onset of COVID-19 and problem gambling severity were measured. Overall, online gambling decreased following the onset of COVID-19 casino closures, while alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use increased among gamblers. Among gamblers who reported no online gambling involvement prior to COVID-19, 15% reported migrating to online gambling. These migrators had higher levels of problem gambling and lower income than gamblers who had never gambled online. The response to COVID-19 is heterogeneous: the majority of gamblers reported reducing their online gambling but increased their substance use. A minority of vulnerable gamblers substituted casino gambling with online gambling. Because these individuals are characterized by problem gambling symptoms and lower income, they may be considered a vulnerable group.

Model for assigning security objects to a specific risk category in the field of fire safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
D. V. Zobkov ◽  
◽  
A. A. Poroshin ◽  
A. A. Kondashov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Risk Categories

Introduction. A mathematical model is presented for assigning protection objects to certain risk categories in the field of fire safety. The model is based on the concepts of the probability of adverse effects of fires causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of harm (damage) from fires. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to develop the procedure for assigning protection objects to a certain category of risk of harm (damage) based on estimates of the probability of fires with the corresponding severity consequences, to determine the acceptable level of risk of harm (damage) due to the fires, to calculate and develop numerical values of criteria for assigning objects of protection to the appropriate risk categories. Methods. The boundaries of the intervals corresponding to certain risk categories are determined by dividing the logarithmic scale of severity of adverse effects of fires into equal segments. Classification methods are used to assign objects of protection to a specific risk category. Results and discussion. Based on the level of severity of potential negative consequences of a fire, risk categories were determined for groups of protection objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and by functional fire hazard classes. The risk category for each individual object of protection is proposed to be determined using the so-called index of "identification of a controlled person" within a group of objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and class of functional fire hazard. Depending on the risk category, the periodicity of planned control and supervision measures in relation to the specific object of protection under consideration is determined, taking into account its socio-economic characteristics and the state of compliance with fire safety requirements by the controlled person. Conclusions. To develop criteria for classifying protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes, the probability of negative consequences of fires, that are causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of fires, is used. The risk category for each individual object of protection is determined taking into account socio-economic characteristics of the object that affect the level of ensuring its fire safety, as well as the criteriaof integrity of the subordinate person that characterize the probability of non-compliance with mandatory fire safety requirements at the object of protection. Calculations are made and numerical values of criteria for assigning protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes to a certain category of risk are proposed. Key words: object of protection, probability of fire, acceptable level of risk, risk category, dangerous factor of fire, death and injury of people.

scholarly journals Dynamics analysis of an online gambling spreading model on scale-free networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Kong ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Yuanmei Wang ◽  
Xinming Cheng ◽  
He Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Spreading Model ◽  
Spreading Dynamics ◽  
Scale Free Networks ◽  
Gambling Policy

AbstractNowadays, online gambling has a great negative impact on the society. In order to study the effect of people’s psychological factors, anti-gambling policy, and social network topology on online gambling dynamics, a new SHGD (susceptible–hesitator–gambler–disclaimer) online gambling spreading model is proposed on scale-free networks. The spreading dynamics of online gambling is studied. The basic reproductive number $R_{0}$ R 0 is got and analyzed. The basic reproductive number $R_{0}$ R 0 is related to anti-gambling policy and the network topology. Then, gambling-free equilibrium $E_{0}$ E 0 and gambling-prevailing equilibrium $E_{ +} $ E + are obtained. The global stability of $E_{0}$ E 0 is analyzed. The global attractivity of $E_{ +} $ E + and the persistence of online gambling phenomenon are studied. Finally, the theoretical results are verified by some simulations.

scholarly journals Gambling Problems Are Associated with Alcohol Misuse and Insomnia: Results from a Representative National Telephone Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6683
Author(s):  
Hannah Briony Thorne ◽  
Matthew Justus Rockloff ◽  
Sally Anne Ferguson ◽  
Grace Elizabeth Vincent ◽  
Matthew Browne
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality

Gambling has significant costs to the community, with a health burden similar in scale to major depression. To reduce its impact, it is necessary to understand factors that may exacerbate harm from gambling. The gambling environment of late-night licensed venues and 24/7 online gambling has the potential to negatively impact sleep and increase alcohol consumption. This study explored gambling, alcohol, and sleep problems to understand whether there is a relationship between these three factors. Telephone interviews were conducted with a representative sample of Australian adults (n = 3760) combined across three waves of the National Social Survey. Participants completed screening measures for at-risk gambling, at-risk alcohol consumption, insomnia (2015 wave only), and sleep quality. There were small but significant positive correlations between problem gambling and alcohol misuse, problem gambling and insomnia, and problem gambling and poor sleep quality. A regression model showed that gambling problems and alcohol misuse were significant independent predictors of insomnia. A separate regression showed gambling problems (and not alcohol misuse) were a significant predictor of poor sleep quality, but only in one survey wave. Findings suggest that gambling, alcohol, and sleep problems are related within persons. Further research should examine the mechanisms through which this relationship exists.

scholarly journals And That is Where the Fun Ends – General Practitioners’ Conceptualisation of the Line between Recreational and Problem Gambling

2014 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dieter Egerer ◽  
Virve Marionneau
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAIMS – Problem gambling is normally identified by fixed criteria of harm adapted from those of substance abuse and by focusing on the individual gambler. However, rigid definitions neglect institutional variations of gambling practices within different legislative configurations. This study proposes analysing the line between recreational and problem gambling by focusing on gambling behaviour and looking at the corruption of the defining factors of play (Caillois, 1958) in three different institutional contexts. DESIGN – A stimulated focus-group method (Reception Analytical Group Interview) was applied to seven groups of Finnish and French general practitioners each and three groups of German ones to study the variations of conceptualising the defining factors of play as introduced by Caillois. RESULTS – Corruption of play was distinguished by participants from all three countries as the dividing line between recreational and problem gambling, but cultural variations were found: the French and German GPs emphasised the loss of the exceptionality of gambling, whereas the Finnish GPs highlighted the invasion of the home by online gambling. Furthermore, the Finnish and German participants were more concerned about the use of gambling as an emotional regulator, while French GPs echoed the French medical model in discussing the adrenaline rush of problem gamblers. CONCLUSIONS – Caillois’ defining factors of play can be used to distinguish recreational from problem gambling and to offer a more encompassing definition of problem gambling. The perception of the line between recreational and problem gambling also seems to depend on the institutional and cultural context.

scholarly journals Parallel Planning Mechanisms as a "Recipe for Disaster"

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Jeannie Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Planning Law ◽  
Municipal Planning ◽  
Urban Planning And Development ◽  
The Republic

This note offers a critical reflection of the recent landmark decision in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal which lay to rest the negative consequences of employing the DFA procedures of the Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 (DFA) alongside those of the provincial Ordinances to establish townships (or to use DFA parlance, “land development areas”). The welcome and timely decision in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal has declared invalid chapters V and VI of the DFA. Moreover, it has formalised planning terminology in South Africa, delineated the boundaries of “municipal planning” and “urban planning and development” as listed in Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and, in the process, clarified the structure of planning law. This note examines the decision of the SCA and focus on the role it will clearly have in reforming some of the law relating to planning. It considers the facts of the case, uncertainties around terminology, the structure of planning in South Africa, the content of municipal planning, the role of the DFA and the consequences of the declaration of invalidity by the SCA.

scholarly journals ICD-11-Based Assessment of Social Media Use Disorder in Adolescents: Development and Validation of the Social Media Use Disorder Scale for Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Paschke ◽  
Maria Isabella Austermann ◽  
Rainer Thomasius
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Study Item ◽  
Development And Validation

Background: A problematic social media use (PSMU) in adolescents is a rising phenomenon often associated with higher perception of psychological stress and comorbid psychiatric disorders like depression. Since the ICD-11 introduced the very first internet-use related disorders, criteria for gaming (and online gambling) disorder can now be transferred to assess social media use disorder (SMUD). Therefore, the development and validation of a self-rating screening instrument for SMUD is of value to researchers and clinicians.Method: The previously validated ICD-11-based Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) was adapted to measure SMUD (Social Media Use Disorder Scale for Adolescents, SOMEDIS-A). A representative sample of 931 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years and a respective parent participated in an online study. Item structure was evaluated by factorial analyses. Validated DSM-5-based instruments to assess PSMU by self- and parental ratings (SMDS, SMDS-P), adolescent depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and stress perception (PSS-10) as well as single items on time spent with social media (SM, frequency and duration) were applied to assess criterion validity. Discrimination between pathological and non-pathological users was examined based on ROC analyses retrieved cut-off values and the results of a latent profile analysis.Results: The new scale is best described by two factors reflecting cognitive-behavioral symptoms and associated negative consequences. The internal consistency was good to excellent. The SOMEDIS-A-sum score was positively correlated with PSMU, depression, and stress scores as well as the time spent with SM in a moderately to highly significant manner. Thus, good to excellent criterion validity is suggested.Conclusions: SOMEDIS-A is the first successfully validated instrument to assess SMUD in adolescents based on the ICD-11 criteria of GD. Thus, it can support early detection in order to prevent symptom aggravation, chronification, and secondary comorbidities. It can contribute to the development of a standardized conceptualization and its two-factorial structure offers promising new insights into the evaluation of SM usage patterns. Further examination including clinical validation is desirable.

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