scholarly journals Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in enterococci isolated from food-stuffs

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Trivedi ◽  
S. Cupakova ◽  
R. Karpiskova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Species Specific

A collection of 250 enterococci isolated from various food-stuffs were used to investigate seven virulence determinants and the microbial susceptibility of eight antibiotics. Species-specific PCR revealed the presence of E. faecalis (127 isolates), E. faecium (77 isolates), E. casseliflavus (21 isolates), E. mundtii (19 isolates) and E. durans (six isolates). Multiplex PCR for virulence factors showed that from a total 250 isolates, 221 (88.4%) carried one or more virulence-encoding genes. β-Haemolytic activity was also evident in enterococcal species other than E. faecalis and E. faecium. Species other than E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from food are also seen to harbour the potential for virulence. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method showed that of the total 250 isolates, 114 (46%) were resistant to cephalothin and 94 (38%) to ofloxacin. Lower antibiotic resistance was seen with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and teicoplanin. None of the isolates was found to be resistant to vancomycin. The results of this study show that food can play an important role in the spread of enterococci with virulence potential through the food chain to the human population.

scholarly journals Development of a DNA Microarray for Enterococcal Species, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Determinations among Isolates from Poultry

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 2625-2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Champagne ◽  
M. S. Diarra ◽  
H. Rempel ◽  
E. Topp ◽  
C. W. Greer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dna Microarray ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Simultaneous Identification

ABSTRACTA DNA microarray (Enteroarray) was designed with probes targeting four species-specific taxonomic identifiers to discriminate among 18 different enterococcal species, while other probes were designed to identify 18 virulence factors and 174 antibiotic resistance genes. In total, 262 genes were utilized for rapid species identification of enterococcal isolates, while characterizing their virulence potential through the simultaneous identification of endogenous antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Enterococcal isolates from broiler chicken farms were initially identified by using the API 20 Strep system, and the results were compared to those obtained with the taxonomic genesatpA,recA,pheS, andddlrepresented on our microarray. Among the 171 isolates studied, five different enterococcal species were identified by using the API 20 Strep system:Enterococcus faecium,E. faecalis,E. durans,E. gallinarum, andE. avium. The Enteroarray detected the same species as API 20 Strep, as well as two more:E. casseliflavusandE. hirae. Species comparisons resulted in 15% (27 isolates) disagreement between the two methods among the five API 20 Strep identifiable species and 24% (42 isolates) disagreement when considering the seven Enteroarray identified species. The species specificity of key antibiotic and virulence genes identified by the Enteroarray were consistent with the literature adding further robustness to the redundant taxonomic probe data. Sequencing of thecpn60gene further confirmed the complete accuracy of the microarray results. The new Enteroarray should prove to be a useful tool to accurately genotype strains of enterococci and assess their virulence potential.

Detection of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Clinical and Intensive Care Unit Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Author(s):  
Omid Zarei ◽  
Hassan Mahmoudi ◽  
Ali Mohammadi Bardbari ◽  
Pezhman Karami ◽  
Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Human Infections

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative non-glucose fermenting aerobic bacteria and an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals. The present study was carried out to investigate the distribution of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and intensive care unit (ICU) environment. Material and Methods: A total of 116 P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and ICU environment were collected from Besat hospital in Hamadan, the West of Iran. P. aeruginosa isolates were analyzed based on the presence of the virulence factors encoding genes included exoA, exoS, exoU, and algD using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using a disk diffusion method. Results: The results showed the prevalence of exoA 33 (56.9%), exoS 21 (36.20%), exoU 37 (63.8%), and algD 35 (60.34%) genes in ICU environment P. aeruginosa strains and exo A 23 (39.25%), exoS 25 (43.1%), exoU 40(68.98%), and algD 25 (43.1%) genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. High resistance levels of the clinical and ICU environment isolate to ampicillinsulbactam (100%), were also observed. Conclusions: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in hospitalized patients in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution in prescribing antibiotics, especially in cases of human infections.

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Milk, Beef, and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Resistance

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. CHINGWARU ◽  
S. F. MPUCHANE ◽  
B. A. GASHE
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The occurrence and antibiotic resistance of enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, in milk, beef, and chicken in Gaborone, Botswana, were studied. Enterococci were isolated from these sources with the use of bile esculin agar and identified with API 20 Strep kits. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotics tested were vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and cephalothin. Among the 1,467 enterococci isolated from the samples, E. faecalis (46.1%) and E. faecium (29.0%) were found to be the predominant species. Other enterococcal species made up 25% of the isolates. More than 96 and 97% of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were found to be resistant to ampicillin. Almost 34, 27.3, and 22.4% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken, respectively, were also resistant to cephalothin. The percentages of E. faecium isolates that were found to be resistant to cephalothin were 32.8, 16.9, and 17.3% for milk, beef, and chicken, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was widespread. It was found that 18.8, 7.8, and 13.1% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. In contrast, 32.8, 24.7, and 30.7% of the E. faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. Isolates that were resistant to multiple drugs were found in relatively large numbers.

scholarly journals Increasing Resistance and Changes in Distribution of Serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae in Poland

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Dorota Kaminska ◽  
Magdalena Ratajczak ◽  
Anna Szumała-Kąkol ◽  
Jolanta Dlugaszewska ◽  
Dorota M. Nowak-Malczewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Genes Encoding

Streptococcus agalactiae is responsible for serious infections in newborn babies, pregnant women, and other patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype distribution, and virulence determinants of the S. agalactiae isolates derived from clinical specimens considering the global increase of both antibiotic resistance and virulence. A total of 165 isolates were identified and serotyped by PCR techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion method, gradient diffusion method and VITEK® System. Virulence associated genes were investigated by PCR; ability to form biofilm was assessed using a microtiter plate assay. The highest observed MIC value for penicillin G was 0.12 µg/mL, seen in 8.5% of isolates. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were found in 30.38% and 24.8% of the strains, respectively. The serotype III (32.73%), V (25.45%), and Ia (18.18%) were found as the most frequently represented. Previously unidentified strains in Poland, belonging to serotypes VI (three strains) and VII (one strain) were recognized. The presence of genes encoding various virulence factors as well as diverse ability to form biofilm were found. In conclusion, macrolide-resistance and decreased susceptibility to penicillin G were revealed signifying the increasing resistance among group B streptococci. Moreover, the presence of genes encoding various virulence factors and the ability to form biofilm were confirmed indicating their role in the pathomechanisms of the evaluated GBS infections.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance, Phylogenetic Typing and Virulence Genes Profile Analysis of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated From Patients in Southern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Allami ◽  
Masoumeh Bahreini ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sharifmoghadam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Southern Iraq

Abstract Of the most common infectious diseases that occur mainly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of this study was to investigate virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic groups among UPEC strains isolated from patients with UTI in southern Iraq. A total of 100 UPEC isolates were collected from urine samples of UTI patients from various hospitals in southern Iraq, and confirmed by morphological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on isolates was performed by disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR technique was used to evaluate the phylogenetic groups and the presence of six virulence factor genes; type 1 fimbria (fimH), A-fimbrial adhesion (afa), hemolysin (hly), fimbrial adhesins P (papC), cytotoxic necrosis factor 1 (cnf1), and aerobactin (aer). The majority of isolates belonged to the phylogenetic groups of B2 (55%) and D (32%). The most prevalent virulence factors were fimH (96%), followed by aer (47%), papC (36%), cnf1 (17%), hly (15%), and afa (8%). Phenotypic testing showed that the isolates were most resistant to piperacillin, ticarcillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (92%, 91%, and 88%, respectively) and most sensitive to amikacin and imipenem, respectively. The maximum antibiotic resistance and virulence factors were observed in the phylogenetic group B2. The results showed that the UPEC isolates had all six virulence factors with high frequency and the highest drug resistance. Besides, the results showed a direct relationship between virulence factors, gene diversity, phylogenetic background, and antimicrobial resistance in the UPEC isolates.

scholarly journals Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coliIsolated from Bovine Mastitic Milk: Serogroups, Virulence Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance Properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Momtaz ◽  
Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi ◽  
Taghi Taktaz ◽  
Amir Rezvani ◽  
Sajad Yarali
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Mastitic Milk ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Properties

The aim of this study was to detect the virulence factors, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance properties of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli, by using 268 bovine mastitic milk samples which were diagnosed using California Mastitis Test. AfterE. coliidentification, PCR assays were developed for detection of different virulence genes, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance genes ofEscherichia coli. The antibiotic resistance pattern was studied using disk diffusion method. Out of 268 samples, 73 (27.23%) were positive forEscherichia coli, and, out of 73 positive samples, 15 (20.54%) were O26 and 11 (15.06%) were O157 so they were the highest while O111 was not detected in any sample so it was the lowest serogroup. Out of 73 STEC strains, 11 (15.06%) and 36 (49.31%) were EHEC and AEEC, respectively. All of the EHEC strains hadstx1,eaeA, andehly, virulence genes, while in AEEC strainsstx1had the highest prevalence (77.77%), followed byeaeA(55.55%). Totally,aadA1(65.95%) had the highest whileblaSHV(6.38%) had the lowest prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. The disk diffusion method showed that the STEC strains had the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (57.44%), while resistance to cephalothin (6.38%) was the lowest.

scholarly journals Presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from human pit sludge

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Hayat Mahmud ◽  
Farozaan Fatima Shirazi ◽  
Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey ◽  
Mohammad Imtiazul Islam ◽  
Mir Alvee Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Genes

Introduction: In Bangladesh, human sludge from dry pit latrines is commonly applied directly to agricultural lands as manure. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and plasmid contents of E. coli strains isolated from sludge samples. Methodology: E. coli were isolated from human feces from closed pit latrines and identified by culture method. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by Standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Pathogenic genes and antibiotic resistance genes of ESBL producing isolates were determined by PCR assay. Results: Of the 34 samples tested, 76.5% contained E. coli. Of 72 E. coli isolates, 76.4% were resistant to at least one of the 12 antibiotics tested and 47.2% isolates were resistant to three or four classes of antibiotics. Around 18% isolates were extended spectrum β- lactamase producing and of them 6 were positive for blaTEM specific gene, 4 for blaCTX-M gene, 1 for blaOXA gene and 2 for both blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. Moreover, among 72 isolates, 4.2% carried virulence genes of enterotoxigenic E. coli; two isolates were positive for st and one was positive for both st and lt genes. In addition, 59.7% of the isolates contained plasmids (range 1.4 to 140 MDa) of which 19.5% isolates contained a single plasmid and 40.2% contained multiple plasmids. Conclusions: The presence of pathogenic, drug resistant E. coli in human sludge necessitates a regular surveillance before using as a biofertilizer.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Barbara Kot ◽  
Agata Grużewska ◽  
Piotr Szweda ◽  
Jolanta Wicha ◽  
Urszula Parulska
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
Tract Infections

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Delia Gambino ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Sergio Migliore ◽  
Lucia Galuppo ◽  
Roberto Puleio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

Prevalence, Antibiogram, and cdt Genes of Toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in Salad Style Vegetables (Ulam) at Farms and Retail Outlets in Terengganu

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHD IKHSAN KHALID ◽  
JOHN YEW HUAT TANG ◽  
NABILA HUDA BAHARUDDIN ◽  
NASIHA SHAKINA RAHMAN ◽  
NURUL FAIZZAH RAHIMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cytolethal Distending Toxin ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Pcr Method

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex PCR method. Antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 C. jejuni isolates. The average prevalence of contaminated samples from farms, wet markets, and supermarkets was 35.29, 52.66, and 69.88%, respectively. The cdt gene was not detected in 24 of the 33 C. jejuni isolates, but 9 isolates harbored cdtC. Antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni isolates was highest to penicillin G (96.97% of isolates) followed by vancomycin (87.88%), ampicillin (75.76%), erythromycin (60.61%), tetracycline (9.09%), amikacin (6.06%), and norfloxacin (3.03%); none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. In this study, C. jejuni was present in ulam, and some isolates were highly resistant to some antibiotics but not to quinolones. Thus, appropriate attention and measures are required to prevent C. jejuni contamination on farms and at retail outlets.

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