Dasar Pandang ke Timur India: Pengukuhan Hubungan India-ASEAN

Akademika ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Zubaidah V.P. Hamzah ◽  
◽  
Koh Kuan Wei ◽  
Keyword(s):  

ABSTRAK Kajian ini membincangkan pembentukan Dasar Pandang ke Timur India (India’s Look East Policy) dan kesannya terhadap hubungan India dengan ASEAN. Hubungan India dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara telah lama terjalin melalui pelbagai bentuk. Namun demikian, pada era Perang Dingin khususnya pada tahun-tahun 1970an dan 1980an hubungan India dengan rantau Asia Tenggara agak suram disebabkan India tidak meletakkan rantau ini sebagai rantau keutamaan dalam dasar luarnya. Namun demikian, tamatnya Perang Dingin dengan kejatuhan Soviet Union telah menyebabkan India perlu mencari hala tuju baharu dalam dasar luarnya. Dalam situasi ekonomi India yang tidak memberangsangkan ini India mula melihat peningkatan ekonomi negara-negara anggota ASEAN sebagai sesuatu yang positif untuk India. Oleh itu, pada tahun 1991 Dasar Pandang ke Timur India dibentuk bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hubungan dengan negara jiran timurnya. Kertas ini membincangkan pembentukan dan perkembangan Dasar Pandang ke Timur ini serta kepentingan ASEAN dalam dasar tersebut. Analisis dilakukan berasaskan pendekatan sejarah dengan meneliti sumber primer seperti rekod pertubuhan ASEAN, dokumen dari Kementerian Luar India, akhbar serta sumber sekunder. Kajian mendapati dasar ini telah mengukuhkan hubungan India dengan ASEAN dan ditingkatkan lagi dengan dimensi yang lebih luas melalui Dasar Bertindak ke Timur (India’s Act East Policy). Kata kunci: Dasar Pandang ke Timur India; ASEAN; dasar luar; India; Asia Tenggara

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Lavee ◽  
Ludmila Krivosh

This research aims to identify factors associated with marital instability among Jewish and mixed (Jewish and non-Jewish) couples following immigration from the former Soviet Union. Based on the Strangeness Theory and the Model of Acculturation, we predicted that non-Jewish immigrants would be less well adjusted personally and socially to Israeli society than Jewish immigrants and that endogamous Jewish couples would have better interpersonal congruence than mixed couples in terms of personal and social adjustment. The sample included 92 Jewish couples and 92 ethnically-mixed couples, of which 82 couples (40 Jewish, 42 mixed) divorced or separated after immigration and 102 couples (52 Jewish, 50 ethnically mixed) remained married. Significant differences were found between Jewish and non-Jewish immigrants in personal adjustment, and between endogamous and ethnically-mixed couples in the congruence between spouses in their personal and social adjustment. Marital instability was best explained by interpersonal disparity in cultural identity and in adjustment to life in Israel. The findings expand the knowledge on marital outcomes of immigration, in general, and immigration of mixed marriages, in particular.


1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Strelau

This paper presents Pavlov's contribution to the development of biological-oriented personality theories. Taking a short description of Pavlov's typology of central nervous system (CNS) properties as a point of departure, it shows how, and to what extent, this typology influenced further research in the former Soviet Union as well as in the West. Of special significance for the development of biologically oriented personality dimensions was the conditioned reflex paradigm introduced by Pavlov for studying individual differences in dogs. This paradigm was used by Russian psychologists in research on types of nervous systems conducted in different animal species as well as for assessing temperament in children and adults. Also, personality psychologists in the West, such as Eysenck, Spence, and Gray, incorporated the CR paradigm into their theories. Among the basic properties of excitation and inhibition on which Pavlov's typology was based, strength of excitation and the basic indicator of this property, protective inhibition, gained the highest popularity in arousaloriented personality theories. Many studies have been conducted in which the Pavlovian constructs of CNS properties have been related to different personality dimensions. In current research the behavioral expressions of the Pavlovian constructs of strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of nervous processes as measured by the Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) have been related to over a dozen of personality dimensions, mostly referring to temperament.


1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 516-516
Author(s):  
Morton Deutsch

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