scholarly journals Characteristic of spermogram parameters in men with reproductive pathology in age-related aspect

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-725
Author(s):  
S. V. Pichugova ◽  
V. A. Chereshnev ◽  
Ya. B. Beikin
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Reproductive Pathology

Introduction. The prevalence of andrological diseases among adolescents and young adults resulting in lowered reproductive potential has been noted to progressively increase. At the same time, the number of couples starting to manage reproductive issues after 35–40 years of age highlighting the onset of male androgen deficiency continues to rise. Therefore, the analysis of spermogram as the key element in assessing male reproductive potential is better to conduct at different age periods of man's life.Aim: to compare spermogram parameters in different age groups of patients with reproductive pathology.Materials and Мethods. The analysis of spermograms in adolescents with left-sided grade II–III varicocele aged 17 years and in infertile males aged 22–48 years was performed. Semen analysis was conducted in accordance with the standards of the 5 th edition of the World Health Organization and included the following parameters: semen volume (ml), sperm concentration (million/ml), total sperm count (million), acidity, viscosity, progressive motility, total motility, viability, morphology, detected mucus, leukocytes, amyloid bodies, lecithin grains as well as sperm aggregation and agglutination. The stained preparations were used to assess the morphology of spermatozoa and spermatogenesis cells. According to the spermogram data obtained, the following conclusions were drawn: normozoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistica 10.0 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). The normality distribution was assessed using the χ2 test. Quantitative parameters were presented as arithmetic means and standard deviations (M ± SD). Assessing significance of differences was performed by using the Student's t-test, whereas inter-parameter correlation relations were analyzed by using the linear Pearson's correlation coefficient. A significance level between inter-group parameters was set at p < 0.05.Results. It was found that adolescents with varicocele vs. adult men had significantly decreased ejaculate volume. In particular, the average ejaculate volume in adolescents and adult men was 2.32 ± 1.22 ml and 3.50 ± 1.44 ml, respectively, so that the larger number of young patients were noted to have ejaculate volume below 1.5 ml. Compared to young subjects, aged patients had decreased sperm concentration (35.88 ± 25.74 versus 72.20 ± 49.32 million/ml) and total sperm count (120.58 ± 91.72 versus 173.07 ± 163.92 million). Young patients were found to have significantly superior data in all categories of sperm motility, whereas infertile men were diagnosed with impaired sperm motility. In particular, adolescents were featured with the average number of spermatozoa displaying fast and slow translational movement comprising 17.12 ± 11.04 % and 29.30 ± 12.29 %, respectively, the proportion of progressive motility spermatozoa was 46.20 ± 19.82 %. In contrast, similar parameters in adult men were 5.10 ± 6.36 %, 19.80 ± 9.61 %, and 24.95 ± 11.23 %, respectively. In infertile men prevalence of lacked spermatozoa with rapid forward movement was 46 (46.0 %), in adolescents – 8 (8.6%), whereas rate of immotile spermatozoa in infertile men, on average, accounted for 53.10 ± 14.56 %, in adolescents – 34.40 ± 21.83 %. In addition, adolescents with varicocele had significantly fewer spermatozoa with normal morphology – 14.14 ± 8.06 % (in adult men – 30.08 ± 17.94 %), there were more abundant defects in the sperm head – 58.01 ± 12.43 % (in men – 48.83 ± 18.95 %) and flagella – 17.24 ± 6.31 % (in men – 10.29 ± 6.21 %). The data obtained showed that adolescents were more often diagnosed with normozoospermia – in 49 (52.7 %) cases, in infertile men – in 12 (12.0 %) cases, whereas in aged men asthenozoospermia was detected in 82 (82.0 %) cases, in adolescents – 5 (5.4 %) cases.Conclusion. The abnormalities in the spermogram revealed in adolescents may be associated with unestablished spermatogenesis. Normozoospermia more common in adolescents with varicocele may evidence about preserved reproductive potential. Impaired sperm motility in aged patients seems to be related to the formation of oxidative stress and damage to spermatozoa by reactive oxygen species due to combined age-related changes, cumulation of the negative effects of environmental and lifestyle factors, as well as comorbidities.

scholarly journals PREVALANCE OF MALE INFERTILITY IN INDIA: STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONES

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Radhakrishnan Deventhiran ◽  
Kumaresan Ramanathan ◽  
Nagamurugan Nandakumar
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Infertile Group ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective: Nowadays, there is an increased incidence of infertility in Indian males due to lifestyle changes. Hence, the objective of this study isevaluating the gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) level in infertile young male in Indian population.Materials and Methods: In total, 56 patients having abnormal semen count and five control patients have been included in the study. All patientswere underwent sperm count and estimation of hormones includes GnRH such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin,prolactin, and testosterone.Results: The sperm concentration of infertile men was significantly lower than control. Sperm motility behaviors rapid, sluggish, and non-motilecharacters were significantly lower than control. Among GnRH, FSH has been significantly higher in infertile group than control group.Conclusion: FSH may be considered as a marker for male infertility.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the reproductive system: known and the unknown..!!

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu Sharma ◽  
Priti Kumari ◽  
Anuradha Sharma ◽  
Subhas Chandra Saha
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Close Monitoring

Abstract Background COVID-19 is the most recent zoonotic outbreak of coronaviruses. Mostly, it invades the cells of the respiratory system by binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is also present in other organs like the kidney, testis, ovaries, breast, heart, and intestine, rendering them prone to be infected. The reproductive potential is a must for the sustenance of any species and it is our prime duty to safeguard the reproductive system of the present generation from such a deadly virus. The previously reported coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) had a detrimental impact on reproductive organs. There is a dearth of sufficient research to provide substantial evidence for the harmful effects of this novel virus on the reproductive system. Hence, our review compiles the knowledge available until now to boost research in this regard and to take the necessary steps in time. Main body of abstract Here we tried to compile all the data available on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the reproductive system as well as vertical transmission of the virus. All related articles published from February to August 2020 were reviewed and thoroughly analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 has been found to affect the sperm concentration and motility, thus degrading the fertility of males. In females, it is suspected that this virus affects the oocyte quality and ovarian function, resulting in infertility or miscarriage. Traces of SARS-CoV-2 virus have also been found in the breast milk of the infected mothers and the semen of infected males. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has also been reported in some cases. Conclusion Based on the literature review, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have the potential of affecting both male and female reproductive tracts. This review brings together the findings and observations made in the area of reproductive health during the current pandemic. The reproductive system of the young population is preordained for subsequent disorders, infertility, reduced sperm count, and motility. Therefore, the research and medical practices should focus on possible vulnerability being posed by SARS-CoV-2 to the gametes and future generations. We, hereby, recommend close monitoring of young and pregnant COVID-19 patients concerning reproductive health with utmost priority.

scholarly journals Semen quality and diversity of morphological sperm abnormalities in bulls: breed and strain effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 931-938
Author(s):  
M. A. Kleshchev ◽  
V. L. Petukhov ◽  
L. V. Osadchuk
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Sperm Abnormalities

At present great attention is paid to studying genetic regulation of farm animal adaptations to environmental conditions. This problem is very important due to a wide expansion of highly productive cattle breeds created in Europe and North America. However, until the present no investigation of changing semen quality in bulls of imported breeds during their adaptations to environmental conditions of Western Siberia has been conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate semen quality peculiarities and the diversity of morphological sperm abnormalities in bulls of imported and local breeds kept in the environmental conditions of the southern part of Western Siberia. We determined sperm concentration, sperm count, and rate of sperm with progressive motility and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. The rate of sperm abnormalities according to Blome’s classifcation was determined too. It was found that the mean values of sperm concentration, sperm motility and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa in the bulls investigated were similar to those in bulls kept in European countries. Inter­breed differences in these parameters were not found. However, bulls of the Red Danish, Angler, and Simmental breeds had a higher percentage of misshapen sperm head and pyriform sperm head than bulls of the Black­White breed. An inter­strain difference in sperm motility in bulls of the Black­White breed was observed. It was found that bulls of Reflection Sovereign 198998 strain had lover sperm motility than bulls of Wis Burke Ideal 1013415 strain. No inter­strain differences in sperm production, percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa and rate of main sperm abnormalities were found. Thus, it has been found that the environmental conditions of the southern part of Western Siberia do not seriously affect the sperm production, sperm motility or percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa in bulls. However, the increased rate of misshapen and pyriform sperm heads in the bulls of the foreign breeds points to a need to study sperm DNA fragmentation.

scholarly journals Semen quality pattern and age threshold: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 71,623 infertile men in China, between 2011 and 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Li ◽  
M. M. Jia ◽  
Y. Q. Peng ◽  
R. Ding ◽  
L. Q. Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Infertile Men

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to provide information on the semen quality pattern of infertile men and age thresholds for semen parameters in China. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study investigating 71,623 infertile men from the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya in Hunan, China, from 2011 to 2017. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Kendall test, linear regression model and joinpoint regression were used. Results Although erratic changes were observed in the median semen parameters (sperm concentration 40.1–52.1 × 106/ml, total sperm count 117.8–153.1 × 106, sperm progressive motility 33.4–38.1%) during the 7 years of observation, no significant decrease in semen quality was found, and 47.88% of infertile men showed normal semen parameters according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, sperm progressive motility appeared to decrease earlier than the sperm concentration and total sperm count (at 28, 58, and 42 years of age, respectively). Conclusions There is no evidence of a deterioration in semen quality among infertile men in Hunan, China. Semen parameters decreased with increasing age, with turning points noted at different ages. Semen parameters are not absolute evidence for the assessment of male fertility potential. Therefore, we believe that, among semen parameters, the sperm concentration is the best predictor of fertility for ART, followed by motility. Decreased sperm motility may affect natural pregnancy, but it is not necessary for successful IVF.

scholarly journals From Spermiogram to Bio-Functional Sperm Parameters: When and Why Request Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita A. Condorelli ◽  
Aldo E. Calogero ◽  
Giorgio I. Russo ◽  
Sandro La Vignera
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Sperm Parameter ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Chromatin Compactness

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate whether infertile patients may benefit from the evaluation of bio-functional sperm parameters in addition to the conventional semen analysis. To accomplish this, we evaluated the correlation between conventional and bio-functional sperm parameters based on their percentile distribution in search of a potential threshold of these latter that associates with conventional sperm parameter abnormalities. The study was conducted on 577 unselected patients with infertility lasting at least 12 months. We identified cut-off values according to the median of the population for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), number of alive spermatozoa, and chromatin abnormality. High MMP (HMMP) (≥46.25%) was associated with sperm concentration, sperm count, progressive motility, and normal form. Low MMP (LMMP) (≥36.5%) was found to be associated with semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, total motility, and normal form. The number of alive spermatozoa (≥71.7%) was associated with sperm concentration and progressive motility whereas abnormal chromatin compactness (≥21.10%) was associated with sperm concentration, total sperm count, and progressive motility. The data would suggest that, for every increase in the percentile category of sperm concentration, the risk of finding an HMMP≤46.25 is reduced by 0.4 and by 0.66 for a total sperm count. This risk is also reduced by 0.60 for every increase in the percentile category of sperm progressive motility and by 0.71 for total sperm motility. Each increment of percentile category of the following sperm parameter was followed by a decrease in the risk of finding an LMMP≤36.5: sperm concentration 1.66, total sperm count 1.28, sperm progressive motility 1.27, total sperm motility 1.76, and normal form 1.73. Lastly, the data showed that, for every increase in the percentile category of total sperm count, the risk of finding an abnormal chromatin compactness ≤21.10 is reduced by 1.25 (1.04–1.51, p < 0.05) and an increase of total sperm motility is associated with a reduced risk by 1.44 (1.12–1.85, p < 0.05). Results suggest a correlation between bio-functional and conventional sperm parameters that impact the sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, the evaluation of bio-functional sperm parameters by flow cytometry may be useful to explain some cases of idiopathic male infertility.

scholarly journals Effects of coadministration of DHA and vitamin E on spermatogram, seminal oxidative stress, and sperm phospholipids in asthenozoospermic men: a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazaleh Eslamian ◽  
Naser Amirjannati ◽  
Nazanin Noori ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Sadeghi ◽  
Azita Hekmatdoost
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Double Blind

ABSTRACT Background It is unknown which compounds in spermatozoa or seminal plasma may be involved in the regulation of sperm motility. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DHA (22:6n–3), vitamin E, and their probable interactions in men with asthenozoospermia. Methods A factorial, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in infertility clinics in Tehran, Iran. The participants were idiopathic asthenozoospermic men aged 20–45 y, with normal endocrine function. Their concentration of spermatozoa and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were equal to or above the lower reference limits, according to the fifth edition of the WHO guideline. Out of 717 men referred to the infertility clinics, 180 asthenozoospermic men were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups according to stratified blocked randomization by age and sperm concentration. Participants took daily 465 mg DHA plus 600 IU vitamin E (DE), 465 mg DHA plus placebo (DP), 600 IU vitamin E plus placebo (EP), or both placebo capsules (PP) for 12 wk. Sperm characteristics, oxidative stress of seminal plasma, serum and sperm membrane fatty acids, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements, and physical activity were measured at baseline and after 12 wk. Results After the intervention, mean ± SD sperm progressive motility was greater in the DE group (27.9 ± 2.8) than in the DP (25.7 ± 3.4), EP (26.1 ± 2.8), and PP (25.8 ± 2.6) groups (P &lt; 0.05). Sperm count (P = 0.001) and concentration (P = 0.044) increased significantly in the DE group compared with the other 3 groups, whereas other semen parameters were not significantly different between the groups after the intervention. Serum concentrations of n–3 PUFAs were significantly higher in the DE and DP groups than in the EP and PP groups. Conclusions Combined DHA and vitamin E supplements led to increased sperm motility; however, no significant changes occurred in sperm morphology and vitality in asthenozoospermic men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01846325.

scholarly journals ОТДАЛЕННАЯ ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННАЯ КОГНИТИВНАЯ ДИСФУНКЦИЯ

World Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Дубовская С. С. ◽  
Товажнянская Е. Л. ◽  
Григоров Ю. Б. ◽  
Кудинова О. В. ◽  
Соловйова Е. Т.
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Word Memory Test ◽  
Word Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Postoperative Period

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction develops in the early and persists in the late postoperative period. Clinically, this condition manifests itself in the form of memory impairment, violation of concentration and violation of other higher functions of the cerebral cortex. The aim of this study is to study cognitive function in patients who underwent surgery with the use of general anesthesia in a remote period in a month.According to the results of the MMSE test, in the middle-aged patients the dynamics of the deterioration of the cognitive function was observed to a lesser degree than in the young patients, which is probably related to the age-related features of the plasticity of the cognitive function. In patients of middle age, according to the results of the FAB scale, at this period of the study was at the same level as those in young patients, which is associated with the age specificity of the plasticity of the cognitive function. According to the test drawing hours, there was no significant difference in the recovery rate, it was gradual, but no complete restoration was observed. For the 10-word memory test and the Schulte trial, the recovery was gradual, with a full recovery of the indicator to the level before the operation.

scholarly journals Effects of Sperm Parameters on Pregnancy Rate in Patients Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mehmet Solakhan ◽  
Mustafa Demir
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sperm Volume ◽  
Infertile Couples

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> In this study, the effects of sperm parameters on the success of intrauterine insemination were investigated. </p><p><strong>STUDY DESIGN:</strong> The data from 309 infertile couples who were admitted between 2012-2018 without a female factor were analyzed retrospectively and included in the study. After the administration of gonadotropin and hCG (5000-10000 IU), single insemination was performed in 36-40 hours in all cycles. All couples underwent routine infertility screening. The relationship between sperm parameters (motility, morphology, sperm count), patient age, duration of infertility with intrauterine insemination success was evaluated.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and age related-parity. There was no statistically significant difference between male ages, liquefaction, and sperm volumes between the two groups (p=0.898, p=0.448, p=0.651). Before washing; There was a statistically significant difference between the sperm concentration, percentage of total motile sperm, percentage of progressive motility sperm, percentage of normal sperm morphology, and total sperm count between the two groups (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001). After sperm washing; the results were similar to those obtained before washing. While statistically significant difference was observed between sperm volume and sperm concentrations (p=0.023, p=0.018), no significant difference was observed between the two groups in total sperm count (p=0.612).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> As a result, during the application of intrauterine insemination to infertile couples, total motile sperm count, progressive motility sperm count ratio and high sperm ratio with normal morphology used in order to increase pregnancy success can be considered as criteria that increase the chances of success.</p>

scholarly journals The effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation on Spermatogram and endocrine factors in asthenozoospermia infertile men: a randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Maghsoumi-Norouzabad ◽  
Ahmad Zare Javid ◽  
Anahita Mansoori ◽  
Mohammadreza Dadfar ◽  
Amirarsalan Serajian
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Infertile Men

Abstract Objective Evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 (VD3) on sperm parameters and endocrine markers in infertile men with asthenozoospermia. Materials and methods This randomized, triple-masking, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on 86 asthenozoospermia infertile men with serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) < 30 ng/ml in the infertility clinic of Ahvaz Jahad daneshgahi, Iran. Patients were randomly allocated to groups A and B, who received daily 4000 IU VD3 and matching placebo respectively for 3 months. Demographic data, dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, anthropometric indices, serum 25(OH)VD3, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (T), estradiol (E2),, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI = T/SHBG. 100), T/LH and T/E2 ratios, prolactin (PRO), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OCN), phosphorus and sperm parameters were assessed. Results Three months VD3 supplementation with 4000 IU/day had no significant effects body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat (BF), serum, OCN, LH, FSH, T, E2, SHBG, PRO, T/E2 ratio, FAI, semen volume, sperm count and normal sperm morphology. It increases serum 25(OH)VD3, PTH and phosphorus and seminal and serum calcium, T/LH ratio and total and progressive sperm motility and decreased significantly compared to the baseline and placebo group. Conclusion VD3 supplementation may affect sperm motility in men with asthenozoospermia and serum 25(OH)VD3 < 30 ng/ml. Trial registration Iran Clinical Trials Registry, ID: IRCT20151128025274N4, registered on 28 March 2018, URL of trial registry record: https://www.irct.ir/trial/29983

Dependence of physical characteristics of ejaculate of Polish Landrace boars on the time interval between successive ejaculate collections

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Stanisław Kondracki ◽  
Maria Iwanina ◽  
Dariusz Kowalewski ◽  
Magdalena Bajena ◽  
Anna Wysokińska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Ejaculation Frequency

The aim of the research was to determine the dependence of physical properties of boar ejaculates on the time interval between successive ejaculate collections. The material for the study comprised 1954 ejaculates collected manually from boars used for artificial insemination. For all ejaculates, the ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, percentage of motile spermatozoa, and number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate were determined, and the number of insemination doses per ejaculate was calculated. The boars’ suitability for artificial insemination was evaluated taking into account the effect of the time passed between ejaculate collections. The ejaculate volume and the concentration and number of sperm in the ejaculate were shown to increase with the time elapsed since the previous ejaculate. The number of insemination doses obtained per ejaculate increased as well. Ejaculates with a high sperm count were obtained when the ejaculation frequency was no more than every 4 days. The percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility increased with the time elapsed since the collection of the previous ejaculate, but only up to 4 days. Further decreases in ejaculation frequency no longer resulted in increased sperm motility.

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