scholarly journals Review on mucormycosis in the oro-facial region: an overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 5060
Author(s):  
Yogashree Sonawane ◽  
Ankeeta Ahire ◽  
Ananya Saha
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Facial Region ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Orofacial Region

The study aims to identify the clinical manifestation of mucormycosis in the oro-facial region to distinguish the role of meticulous intraoral examination for early and timely diagnosis based on the review of reported cases, to propose the role of diabetes mellitus as a predisposing risk factor for mucormycosis in the oro-facial region, to propose the association of traumatic incidents like tooth extraction as a risk factor for mucormycosis in immune-compromised individuals and to perceive the use of amphotericin-B in its treatment. A systematic review was conducted on an electronic database, Google Scholar to analyze the existing data for the clinical manifestation of mucormycosis in the orofacial region. Out of the existing literature on this topic for various timelines, a period of 10 years from 2011 to 2021 was selected for the study. The sample size was calculated taking into consideration the 99.99% confidence interval. The data was extracted from these relevant articles in Microsoft Excel, showing remarkable conclusions. Mucormycosis does not show stereotypical clinical manifestations and thus the diagnosis of mucormycosis has to be confirmed through culture studies and histopathological or radiological ways. Diabetes Mellitus serves as a predisposing factor for mucormycosis in the oro-facial region other than the COVID-19 infection and immune-compromised conditions. Amphotericin-B was a drug of choice for the treatment of mucormycosis by many practitioners. The only hindrance to its usage being its nephrotoxicity.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Mucormycosis as the Leading Clinical Type of Mucormycosis in Western China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyan Qu ◽  
Xijiao Liu ◽  
Xiaoju Lv
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Western China ◽  
Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽  
Clinical Type

The aim was to better understand the clinical characteristics of patients with mucormycosis in western China. We retrospectively investigated the clinical, laboratory, radiological and treatment profiles of mucormycosis patients during a 10-year period (2010–2019). As a result, 59 proven mucormycosis were enrolled in this study. It was found that 52.5% of patients had worse clinical outcomes. Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) was the most common clinical manifestation. The most frequent risk factor was diabetes mellitus (38, 64.4%) for mucormycosis patients. Cough (43, 93.5%), fever (24, 52.2%) and hemoptysis/bloody phlegm (21, 45.7%) were the most common manifestations of PM. There were no differences in clinical manifestations, risk factors and laboratory tests between different clinical outcome groups (P>0.05). Lymph node enlargement (30, 65.2%), patchy shadows (28, 60.9%), cavitation (25, 53.3%) and bilateral lobe involvement (39, 84.8%) were the most common on chest CT. Nodule was more common in good outcome group (P <0.05). A total of 48 cases (81.4%) were confirmed by histopathological examination, 22 cases (37.3%) were confirmed by direct microscopy. PM patients were treated with amphotericin B/amphotericin B liposome or posaconazale had better clinical outcomes (P <0.05). In conclusion, PM was the most common clinical type of mucormycosis in China. Diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor. PM has diverse imaging manifestations and was prone to bilateral lobes involvement. Early diagnosis and effective anti-mucor treatment contribute to successful treatment.

Monogenic Diabetes: Genetics and Relevance on Diabetes Mellitus Personalized Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 807-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalena Sousa ◽  
Jácome Bruges-Armas
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neonatal Diabetes ◽  
Monogenic Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Genetics ◽  
Individualize Treatment

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with significant impression in today's world. Aside from the most common types recognized over the years, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), recent studies have emphasized the crucial role of genetics in DM, allowing the distinction of monogenic diabetes. Methods: Authors did a literature search with the purpose of highlighting and clarifying the subtypes of monogenic diabetes, as well as the accredited genetic entities responsible for such phenotypes. Results: The following subtypes were included in this literature review: maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). So far, 14 subtypes of MODY have been identified, while three subtypes have been identified in NDM - transient, permanent, and syndromic. Discussion: Despite being estimated to affect approximately 2% of all the T2DM patients in Europe, the exact prevalence of MODY is still unknown, accentuating the need for research focused on biomarkers. Consequently, due to its impact in the course of treatment, follow-up of associated complications, and genetic implications for siblings and offspring of affected individuals, it is imperative to diagnose the monogenic forms of DM accurately. Conclusion: Currently, advances in the genetics field allowed the recognition of new DM subtypes, which until now, were considered slight variations of the typical forms. Thus, it is imperative to act in the close interaction between genetics and clinical manifestations, to facilitate diagnosis and individualize treatment.

scholarly journals The role of nicotinamide in the correction of renal function in diabetic nephropathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
L. V. Yanitskaya ◽  
L. F. Osinskaya ◽  
A. V. Redko
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
The Difference

Hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus leads to the activation of the polyol way of oxidation of glucose with the activation of the enzymes of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase and of their coenzymes NADPH and NAD, which triggers the mechanism of formation of sorbitol. The consequences of these changes lead to microangiopathy of the tissues of the kidneys, which may be one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. In an accessible literature, the role of coenzymes of sorbitol pathway in the development of diabetic nephropathy is not sufficiently defined. The purpose of the study was to study the content of NAD and NADPH coenzymes, their correlation, and their role in the mechanism of kidney damage in diabetes mellitus and to predict the possible correction of these changes with the NAD-nicotinamide derivative. The study was conducted on a model of streptotrozectinic diabetes mellitus (single administration of streptozotocin in a dose of 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight). Four weeks after induction of diabetes, nicotinamide (100 mg per 1 kg body weight) was injected. The level of glucose was determined by the Accu-chek (Roshe Diagnostics, Switzerland) glucose meter. The content of NAD and NADH was determined in the non-protein extracts. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Microsoft Excel statistical analysis program. The difference between the indicators was considered statistically significant (p<0.05). The NAD level was reduced by 31%, the NAD/NADN ratio was 32%. The dependence of the ratio of NADP/NADPN in conditions of hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus with clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy is determined. A decrease in the ratio of NADP/NADPN to 38% in the rat kidney in the cortical layer was detected. The introduction of nicotinamide normalized the reduced content of NAD diabetic rats. These results provide perspectives for further research in which nicotinamide can be used as a renal protector.

Diabetic Retinopathy And Thromboxane Like Substance

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Lazzari ◽  
M Gimeno ◽  
N M Sutton ◽  
J R Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Thromboxane A2 ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Platelet Activity

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor in the development of vasculopathies and its complications. It produces also its own microangiopathy. Evidence was reported of increased platelet activity in DM in different assays. Platelets aggregation and the arachidonic cycle could play a key role in the increased tendency to thrombosis. A disorder of ratio TXA2/PGI2, two opposing prostaglandin derivatives, could be the initial step. We intended to evaluate a thromboxane like substance (TLS) produced from platelet rich plasma (PRP) and to compare between normals and diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients. TLS was measured in 16 controls and 16 patients. Assay was done with the aggregating activity developed in PRP (considered TLS) after addition of arachidonic acid (f.c. 2 mM). The supernatant of the PRP (100 μl) was taken 40 sec. after the aggregation started and were added to a normal PRP treated with aspirin (f.c. 40 μl/ml) adjusted to 250.000 - 300.000 pl/μl and the degree of platelet aggregation measured in a Chrono Log Aggregometer. TLS was inactivated after its incubation during 2 min. at 37°C. This finding suggests this activity is due to TXA2.The results obtained (expressed in % of platelet aggregation) were: controls x 16.37% ± 6.28 and DR x 36.00% ± 9.72.The increase detected in the DR group supports previous experimental reports suggesting the role of the thromboxane A2 in vaso occlusive complication of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals The role of nonesterified fatty acids in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Tsvetkova ◽  
V. N. Khirmanov ◽  
N. N. Zybina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Sudden Death

The paper reviews publications concerned the role of nonesterifi ed fatty acids (NEFA) in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. NEFAs are four and more carbons chain length carbonic acids and they are presented in free form (nonesterifi ed) in human body. Plasma NEFAs are produced by the adipose tissue triglyceride lipolysis, another source are lipoproteins such as chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins and intermediate density lipoproteins. Elevated NEFA concentrations in plasma are the risk factor of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the independent risk factor of hypertension and sudden death. NEFA plasma concentration is elevated in atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and often in metabolic syndrome. A probable cause of NEFAs accumulation in plasma may be overeating and low physical activity, which result in increase of adipose tissue mass, lipolysis intensifi cation and elevation of NEFAs concentration in plasma. The role of elevated plasma NEFA concentration in a number of conditions (abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, vascular infl ammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, rhythm disturbances, sudden death) and possible ways of their correction are discussed.

scholarly journals Moyamoya Disease Worldwide-Global Burden East and West

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Mohan Mehndiratta ◽  
Ishu Goyal ◽  
Vasundhara Aggarwal ◽  
Natasha Singh Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Moyamoya Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Revascularization Surgery ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Internal Carotid Arteries

The Moyamoya disease [MMD] is a cereberovascular disorder characterized by progressive stenosis of intracranial internal carotid arteries and compensatory collateral formation at the base of the brain, mainly around the circle of Willis. When no particular associated risk factors can be identified, it is termed as Moyamoya disease. However, it may be associated with other neurological and extra- neurological disorders where it is termed as Moyamoya syndrome [MMS]. The condition is predominantly seen in East Asia and has bimodal age of distribution. The clinical manifestations are also age dependant with ischemia predominating in childhood and hemorrhagic manifestations being more common in adults. The pathogenesis is not entirely known, but genetic susceptibility is believed to be an important predisposing factor. The Suzuki staging system is most widely used for evaluation and staging of Moyamoya disease. The gold standard diagnostic modality is cerebral angiography but magnetic resonance imaging [MRA] has also been employed for diagnosis. Treatment is primarily surgical revascularization which is of 3 types: direct, indirect or combined revascularization. Although the role of revascularization surgery has been well established for ischemic MMD, the ideal surgical approach and the role of surgery in hemorrhagic MMD remains controversial.

scholarly journals Erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes (literature review) Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Author(s):  
E.V. Luchytskyy ◽  
V.Ye. Luchytskiy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

The first part of the review article highlights modern views on the prevalence, etiology and features of the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with diabetes mellitus. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were used to search for literature sources. The role of comorbid diseases in the development of ED in men with diabetes mellitus has been shown. The generalized data on the main clinical manifestations of erectile dysfunction, methods of its diagnosis and treatment are given. A number of epidemiological studies over the past 20 years have found that erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes may be an early marker of cardiovascular complications. Thus, in the algorithm for ED diagnosis in patients with diabetes it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of the cardiovascular system. Numerous literature sources indicate an important role in the correction of androgen deficiency in men with type 2 diabetes, in order to enhance the effectiveness of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Erectile dysfunction involves a change in any of the components of an erectile response. ED can negatively affect a man’s quality of life because most patients experience symptoms of depression and anxiety related to their sexual capabilities. These symptoms also affect a partner’s sexual experience and the couple’s quality of life. Clinical features of ED have many key features in the anamnesis, including some physical signs during examination depending on a type of diabetes. With age, comorbid conditions play an increasing role in the development of ED. Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity can lead to the development of ED before accelerated deterioration of erectile function and disorders at the molecular level of the mechanisms underlying erection. Patients with diabetes and ED have higher scores on the depression rating scale, and poorer overall health and quality of life. Early detection of ED in individuals with diabetes can improve the overall health and quality of life of patients. Patients with diabetes with poor glycemic control and older age are more likely to develop severe ED, which further exacerbates an already compromised health and quality of life. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2002), diabetes mellitus is a modified risk factor independently associated with the development of ED (odds ratio (OR) 2.69), obesity (OR 1.60), smoking (OR 1.74) and hypertension (OR 1.56). Erectile dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes, and diabetes is a risk factor for ED; men with diabetes are three times more likely to have ED.

scholarly journals Pemberdayaan pada Penderita Diabetes Tipe 2 dan Kader Kesehatan dalam Pelaksanaan Program Pos Binaan Terpadu Penyakit Tidak Menular (Posbindu PTM)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
Arief Andriyanto ◽  
Etty Rekawati ◽  
Dwi Cahya Rahmadiyah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Risk Factor Control ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Diabetes mellitus is classified as a non-communicable disease which has been estimated to have increased, so a risk factor control program recommended by the Ministry of Health is required according to the DM management pillar. Health cadre empowerment is also needed to actively support non-communicable diseases programs. The purpose of this community empowerment was to change the behaviour of people with type 2 diabetes in glucose control and improve the health cadres' skills in Posbindu PTM activities. The program was carried out in October 2018 until March 2019. The targets were: 86 type 2 diabetes patients, 24 cadres in Cisalak Pasar Kelurahan, 120 cadres in Cimanggis District, and 293 cadres in Depok City. The results showed that patients could control their glucose and health cadres experienced improved skills. The role of community nurses is continuously needed to provide appropriate interventions to the patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document