Descriptive epidemiology of COVID-19 deaths in the North Indian district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh

Background: COVID-19 first reported in January 2020 in China has turned into a pandemic the kind that occurs only once in a century, with high mortality rate due to an infectious disease considered once as a thing of past. Caused by SARS-CoV-2 (an RNA virus) COVID-19 has caused over 170 million cases worldwide and around 3.8 million deaths worldwide. India alone has suffered the wrath of this nasty virus with cases approaching 30 million and over 0.4 million deaths till date. Occurring in various waves, the pandemic situation remains dynamic and evolving even today.Methods: We carried out retrospective analysis of all deaths due to COVID-19 occurring in district Kangra from March 2020 to June 2021. Descriptive data on all COVID-19 patients were collected and analysed including individuals who lost their life during the period.Results: From 20 March 2020 to 30 June 2021, a total of 45,871 cases and 1037 deaths (2.2%) were reported in Kangra district-33.8% of 3463 deaths that occurred in the entire state. The death rate per million population in Kangra was 64 compared to 47 for Himachal Pradesh and 30 for India as a whole. The mean age was 62.5 years (range 01 to 102 years); males 62.7 years and female 62.2 years.Conclusions: The biggest challenge for us as a country is that COVID-19 has penetrated into our densely placed population where practicing COVID-19 appropriate behaviour is merely an expectation that possibly can never be fulfilled despite most stringent of actions.

Download Full-text

Country-level Determinants of the Severity of the First Global Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Study

10.1101/2020.05.13.20100677 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tiberiu A Pana ◽

Sohinee Bhattacharya ◽

David T Gamble ◽

Zahra Pasdar ◽

Weronika A Szlachetka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Study Design ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Death Rate ◽

Ecological Study ◽

The Philippines ◽

International Travel ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Country Level ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe aimed to identify the country-level determinants of the severity of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignAn ecological study design of publicly available data was employed. Countries reporting >25 COVID-related deaths until 08/06/2020 were included. The outcome was log mean mortality rate from COVID-19, an estimate of the country-level daily increase in reported deaths during the ascending phase of the epidemic curve. Potential determinants assessed were most recently published demographic parameters (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, median age, average body mass index, smoking prevalence), Economic parameters (Gross Domestic Product per capita); environmental parameters: pollution levels, mean temperature (January-May)), co-morbidities (prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and cancer), health system parameters (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10,000 population); international arrivals, the stringency index, as a measure of country-level response to COVID-19, BCG vaccination coverage, UV radiation exposure and testing capacity. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the data.Primary OutcomeCountry-level mean mortality rate: the mean slope of the COVID-19 mortality curve during its ascending phase.ParticipantsThirty-seven countries were included: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.ResultsOf all country-level predictors included in the multivariable model, total number of international arrivals (beta 0.033 (95% Confidence Interval 0.012,0.054)) and BCG vaccination coverage (−0.018 (−0.034,-0.002)), were significantly associated with the mean death rate.ConclusionsInternational travel was directly associated with the mortality slope and thus potentially the spread of COVID-19. Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID outbreak and prevent related deaths.ARTICLE SUMMARYStrengths and limitationsA comparable and relevant outcome variable quantifying country-level increases in the COVID-19 death rate was derived which is largely independent of different testing policies adopted by each countryOur multivariable regression models accounted for public health and economic measures which were adopted by each country in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by adjusting for the Stringency IndexThe main limitation of the study stems from the ecological study design which does not allow for conclusions to be drawn for individual COVID-19 patientsOnly countries that had reported at least 25 daily deaths over the analysed period were included, which reduced our sample and consequently the power.

Download Full-text

The Tasmanian Trout Fishery. II. The Fishery of the North-West Region

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9580019 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

AG Nicholls

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Detailed Consideration ◽

North West ◽

Hatchery Fish ◽

The North ◽

West Region ◽

Change In The Mean ◽

The Mean ◽

Trout Fishery ◽

Annual Mortality

A brief account is given of the several rivers, and of the results derived from the study of the fishery in each. Anglers' returns of catches have been analysed with respect to the daily catch per angler for nine seasons, and the lengths of fish for five seasons, and the results are similar for each river. Detailed consideration of a summary of the data received from all sources in this region shows a definite downward trend in the daily catch which is statistically significant and more pronounced in the estuarine than in the inland fishery. There has been no change in the mean lengths of fish taken, and the size distribution of the catch has remained constant over five seasons. An 80 per cent. annual mortality rate has been found for fish from 1 to 6 years of age, after which it falls slightly. The total annual catch has risen with the increase in licensed anglers. Analysis of the diary of one angler over 27 years shows a decline in the catching rate, but the mean weight of fish has remained fairly constant. No direct consistent correlation was found between the estuarine trout fishery and the commercial whitebait fishery. It is concluded that the decline in catching rate is probably related to a change in the representation of anglers making returns during the nine seasons. A study of the contribution made by the release of hatchery fish shows a maximum possible return to anglers of 2 per cent., subject to a correction for the proportion of takable fish caught by anglers for which no data are available. Evidence is produced to show that the release of hatchery fish is unproductive and wasteful in a stream already stocked to capacity.

Download Full-text

Community Composition and Distribution Pattern of Herbaceous Flora in Holi Area of District Chamba in Himachal Pradesh

International Journal of Economic Plants ◽

10.23910/2/2020.0354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 013-020

Author(s):

Kehar Singh Thakur ◽

◽

Munesh Kumar ◽

Rajan Bawa ◽

Anita Kumari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distribution Pattern ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Basal Area ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Himachal Pradesh ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

The Mean

The present study was carried out in Holi Forest Range of district Chamba, which is the north-west district of Himachal Pradesh and is located between latitude 32o17’412’’ to 32o26’541’’N and longitude 76o31’504’’ to 76o35’385’’E. The territory is completely mountainous with altitude varying from about 2,000 feet (610 m) to about 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the mean sea level. The quantitative information of herbs was collected from different sites i.e., Deol, Kut, Dal, Lahaud Dhar. Frequency (%), Density (plants m-2), Basal Area (cm2), Importance Value Index (IVI) and A/F ratio of plant species at different sites were recorded. Poa alpina was found to have highest frequency (90%) closely followed by Jurinea dolomiaea (80%) and Biebersteinia odora has the lowest frequency of 10%. Poa alpina has the highest density (60.6 plants m-2) at Dal followed by Gentiana kurrooa (35.8 plants m-2). Moschela esculenta was found to have highest basal area (1.234 cm2) at Kut. Viola serpens was the dominant species with highest value of IVI (78.77) closely followed by Poa alpina (65.91), Gentiana kurrooa (65.37) and Jurinea dolomiaea (65.36). Most of the species were distributed randomly followed by contagious pattern of distribution and least species were reported for regular distribution pattern.

Download Full-text

A study on profile of patients with parotid swellings attending infectious disease hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20181869 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 770

Author(s):

Phani Bhushan Ivaturi ◽

Asma .

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Age Group ◽

Parotid Glands ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Parotid Swelling ◽

Acute Infectious Disease ◽

Study Population ◽

The Mean ◽

Disease Hospital

Background: Mumps is an acute infectious disease caused by RNA virus. Clinically, the disease is presented as non suppurative enlargement and tenderness of one or both the parotid glands. The annual incidence of mumps in the absence of immunization is in the range of 100-1000 cases/100000 population. Mumps mostly occurs in children in age group of 5-9 years. The objectives of the study were to describe the epidemiological factors of cases admitted with parotid swelling; to describe the clinical features of patients admitted with parotid swelling; to assess the demographic factors in relation to complications.Methods: A cross sectional record based retrospective study was carried out at Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases, Hyderabad. All the cases admitted in year 2016 with unilateral or bilateral parotid swellings were included in the study. The study was carried out for 2 months. Results: The mean age of study population in present study was found to be 11.23 years. Around 35.9% of cases were found in the age group of 6-10 years. Males constituted 53.9% of study population and females were 46.1%. The mean duration between the onset of symptoms and admission in hospital was found to be 3.5 days. The most common clinical presentation was fever, parotid swelling and earache.Conclusions: Control of Mumps is difficult as the disease is highly infectious. Long and variable incubation period along with subclinical cases makes the control difficult. However, routine MMR vaccination as part of national immunization schedule can help in be preventing the epidemics.

Download Full-text

Direct medical costs for stage-specific breast cancer: a retrospective analysis

Breast Cancer Management ◽

10.2217/bmt-2019-0014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. BMT33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qais Alefan ◽

Alaa Saadeh ◽

Rami J Yaghan

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Total Sample ◽

University Hospital ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

The North ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

The Mean

Aim: To analyze the direct medical costs of breast cancer (BC) patients in the north of Jordan. Patients: A cohort of BC patients treated during 2015 at King Abdullah University Hospital. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 119 patients, where all records including age, sex, treatment processes and costs were extracted from the patients’ profiles and examined. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.8 (±10.2) years. The total sample cost was Jordanian dinar 1,393,325 (US$1,963,560). The mean cost per patient from stage I to IV was Jordanian dinar 6696, 9183, 11,970 and 15,073, respectively. Medications were the most expensive resource used. Stage IV had the highest cost and largest number of patients. Conclusion: Direct medical costs associated with BC are considerable. Three-quarters of the cost were devoted to medications.

Download Full-text

Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Examination of Dosage in Relation to Probe Performance

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00110 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Julie L. Wambaugh ◽

Lydia Kallhoff ◽

Christina Nessler

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Sound Production ◽

Apraxia Of Speech ◽

Practice Schedule ◽

Practice Schedules ◽

Baseline Performance ◽

The Mean ◽

Number Of Treatment ◽

The Impact

Purpose This study was designed to examine the association of dosage and effects of Sound Production Treatment (SPT) for acquired apraxia of speech. Method Treatment logs and probe data from 20 speakers with apraxia of speech and aphasia were submitted to a retrospective analysis. The number of treatment sessions and teaching episodes was examined relative to (a) change in articulation accuracy above baseline performance, (b) mastery of production, and (c) maintenance. The impact of practice schedule (SPT-Blocked vs. SPT-Random) was also examined. Results The average number of treatment sessions conducted prior to change was 5.4 for SPT-Blocked and 3.9 for SPT-Random. The mean number of teaching episodes preceding change was 334 for SPT-Blocked and 179 for SPT-Random. Mastery occurred within an average of 13.7 sessions (1,252 teaching episodes) and 12.4 sessions (1,082 teaching episodes) for SPT-Blocked and SPT-Random, respectively. Comparisons of dosage metric values across practice schedules did not reveal substantial differences. Significant negative correlations were found between follow-up probe performance and the dosage metrics. Conclusions Only a few treatment sessions were needed to achieve initial positive changes in articulation, with mastery occurring within 12–14 sessions for the majority of participants. Earlier occurrence of change or mastery was associated with better follow-up performance. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12592190

Download Full-text

Retrospective analysis of virulence of the North Caucasian population of wheat stem rust pathogen

Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University ◽

10.21515/1999-1703-81-85-90 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (81) ◽

pp. 85-90

Author(s):

Galina Volkova ◽

◽

Olesya Miroshnichenko ◽

Olga Tarancheva ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Stem Rust ◽

Caucasian Population ◽

Wheat Stem Rust ◽

The North ◽

Rust Pathogen

Download Full-text

Fatal Intoxications in the North of Portugal: 12 Years of Retrospective Analysis

Current Drug Safety ◽

10.2174/1574886311666160724212407 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emanuele E. Alves ◽

Pedro Brandao ◽

Teresa Magalhaes ◽

Felix Carvalho ◽

Ricardo J. Dinis-Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

The North

Download Full-text

The global dynamics of stochastic Holling type II predator-prey models with non constant mortality rate

Filomat ◽

10.2298/fil1718811z ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (18) ◽

pp. 5811-5825

Author(s):

Xinhong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Stochastic Model ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Positive Periodic Solution ◽

Global Dynamics ◽

Type Ii ◽

Predator Prey ◽

Persistence In The Mean ◽

The Mean ◽

Predator Prey Models

In this paper we study the global dynamics of stochastic predator-prey models with non constant mortality rate and Holling type II response. Concretely, we establish sufficient conditions for the extinction and persistence in the mean of autonomous stochastic model and obtain a critical value between them. Then by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions, we prove that there is a nontrivial positive periodic solution to the non-autonomous stochastic model. Finally, numerical examples are introduced to illustrate the results developed.

Download Full-text

Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e042034

Author(s):

Tiberiu A Pana ◽

Sohinee Bhattacharya ◽

David T Gamble ◽

Zahra Pasdar ◽

Weronika A Szlachetka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

The Philippines ◽

International Travel ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Country Level ◽

The Mean

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the country-level determinants of the severity of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignEcological study of publicly available data. Countries reporting >25 COVID-19 related deaths until 8 June 2020 were included. The outcome was log mean mortality rate from COVID-19, an estimate of the country-level daily increase in reported deaths during the ascending phase of the epidemic curve. Potential determinants assessed were most recently published demographic parameters (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, population >65 years, average body mass index and smoking prevalence); economic parameters (gross domestic product per capita); environmental parameters (pollution levels and mean temperature (January–May); comorbidities (prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and cancer); health system parameters (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10 000 population); international arrivals; the stringency index, as a measure of country-level response to COVID-19; BCG vaccination coverage; UV radiation exposure; and testing capacity. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the data.Primary outcomeCountry-level mean mortality rate: the mean slope of the COVID-19 mortality curve during its ascending phase.ParticipantsThirty-seven countries were included: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the UK and the USA.ResultsOf all country-level determinants included in the multivariable model, total number of international arrivals (beta 0.033 (95% CI 0.012 to 0.054)) and BCG vaccination coverage (−0.018 (95% CI −0.034 to –0.002)), were significantly associated with the natural logarithm of the mean death rate.ConclusionsInternational travel was directly associated with the mortality slope and thus potentially the spread of COVID-19. Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent related deaths.

Download Full-text