scholarly journals Biological and chemical forms in controlling oral biofilms

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar A. Bamofleh ◽  
Mohammed S. Almuammar ◽  
Aljawhara I. Bin Osseil ◽  
Roaa A. Alorf ◽  
Sultan M. Alqhtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Dental Infections ◽  
Periapical Periodontitis ◽  
Infections Diseases ◽  
Chemical Materials

Although there have been many advances in the medical field regarding disease control and management, it has been demonstrated that certain diseases and infections still represent a significant challenge. For example, the presence of oral biofilms indicates the virulence of the underlying infection in different dental infections diseases, including peri-implantitis, periapical periodontitis, periodontitis, gingivitis, and dental caries. We have discussed various mechanical, chemical, and biological modalities that can be applied to control biofilms and limit plaque formation and secondary caries. Although physical brushing might be efficacious in cleaning, evidence indicates that it cannot eradicate the underlying bacteria. Accordingly, using biological and chemical materials is essential to achieve adequate disinfection and enhance the outcomes. Many modalities have been proposed in the literature, such as nanomaterials, organic compounds such as arginine, dietary substances, and the various chemical oral cleansers discussed in the current study. Bacteriophages are also promising in this context. However, they need further exploration regarding their efficacy and safety. In addition, resistance against these compounds is a serious issue and needs to be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals A Review on Human–AI Interaction in Machine Learning and Insights for Medical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2121
Author(s):  
Mansoureh Maadi ◽  
Hadi Akbarzadeh Khorshidi ◽  
Uwe Aickelin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Interactive Machine Learning ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Scoping Literature Review ◽  
Domain Expertise ◽  
Expertise Level

Objective: To provide a human–Artificial Intelligence (AI) interaction review for Machine Learning (ML) applications to inform how to best combine both human domain expertise and computational power of ML methods. The review focuses on the medical field, as the medical ML application literature highlights a special necessity of medical experts collaborating with ML approaches. Methods: A scoping literature review is performed on Scopus and Google Scholar using the terms “human in the loop”, “human in the loop machine learning”, and “interactive machine learning”. Peer-reviewed papers published from 2015 to 2020 are included in our review. Results: We design four questions to investigate and describe human–AI interaction in ML applications. These questions are “Why should humans be in the loop?”, “Where does human–AI interaction occur in the ML processes?”, “Who are the humans in the loop?”, and “How do humans interact with ML in Human-In-the-Loop ML (HILML)?”. To answer the first question, we describe three main reasons regarding the importance of human involvement in ML applications. To address the second question, human–AI interaction is investigated in three main algorithmic stages: 1. data producing and pre-processing; 2. ML modelling; and 3. ML evaluation and refinement. The importance of the expertise level of the humans in human–AI interaction is described to answer the third question. The number of human interactions in HILML is grouped into three categories to address the fourth question. We conclude the paper by offering a discussion on open opportunities for future research in HILML.

scholarly journals What Evidence Do We Have for Pharmaceutical Galactagogues in the Treatment of Lactation Insufficiency?—A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke E. Grzeskowiak ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Donna T. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Insufficient Milk

Inadequate breast milk supply is a frequently reported reason for early discontinuation of breastfeeding and represents a critical opportunity for intervening to improve breastfeeding outcomes. For women who continue to experience insufficient milk supply despite the utilisation of non-pharmacological lactation support strategies, pharmacological intervention with medications used to augment lactation, commonly referred to as galactagogues, is common. Galactagogues exert their pharmacological effects through altering the complex hormonal milieu regulating lactation, particularly prolactin and oxytocin. This narrative review provides an appraisal of the existing evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical treatments for lactation insufficiency to guide their use in clinical practice. The greatest body of evidence surrounds the use of domperidone, with studies demonstrating moderate short-term improvements in breast milk supply. Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide is less robust, but given that it shares the same mechanism of action as domperidone it may represent a potential treatment alternative where domperidone is unsuitable. Data on remaining interventions such as oxytocin, prolactin and metformin is too limited to support their use in clinical practice. The review provides an overview of key evidence gaps and areas of future research, including the impacts of pharmaceutical galactagogues on breast milk composition and understanding factors contributing to individual treatment response to pharmaceutical galactagogues.

scholarly journals Lipid vesicles: applications, principal components and methods used in their formulations: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-352
Author(s):  
Cicera Janaine Janaine Camilo ◽  
Débora Odilia Duarte Leite ◽  
Angelo Roncalli Alves Silva ◽  
Irwin Rose Alencar Menezes ◽  
Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ionic Surfactants ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Ideal

Liposomes and niosomes are currently the most studied lipid vesicles in the nanomedicine field. The system formed by a phospholipid bilayer in aqueous medium allows these vesicles to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, providing an increase in solubility of drugs lready used in conventional therapy. The focus on the development of these vesicles should be directed to determining the ideal composition, with low toxicity, biocompatibility and which remains stable for long periods. These characteristics are related to the components used for formulation and the substances that will be encapsulated. Another important point relates to the methods used during formulation, which are important in determining the type of vesicle formed, whether these be large or small, unilamellar or multilamellar. Because of the deliberate actions applied in the development of these vesicles, this review sought to gather updated information regarding the different methods used, including their main components while considering the behavior of each of them when used in different formulations. Also, data showing the importance of formulations in the medical field evidencing studies performed with liposome and niosome vesicles as promising in this area, and others, were included. The approach allows a better understanding of the participation of components in formulations such as cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants, as well as the basis for choosing the ideal components and methods for future research in the development of these vesicles.

scholarly journals Veillonellae: Beyond Bridging Species in Oral Biofilm Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Daniel Manoil ◽  
Georgios N. Belibasakis ◽  
Georgios A. Kotsakis
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Polymicrobial Disease

The genus Veillonella comprises 16 characterized species, among which eight are commonly found in the human oral cavity. The high abundance of Veillonella species in the microbiome of both supra- and sub-gingival biofilms, and their interdependent relationship with a multitude of other bacterial species, suggest veillonellae to play an important role in oral biofilm ecology. Development of oral biofilms relies on an incremental coaggregation process between early, bridging and later bacterial colonizers, ultimately forming multispecies communities. As early colonizer and bridging species, veillonellae are critical in guiding the development of multispecies communities in the human oral microenvironment. Their ability to establish mutualistic relationships with other members of the oral microbiome has emerged as a crucial factor that may contribute to health equilibrium. Here, we review the general characteristics, taxonomy, physiology, genomic and genetics of veillonellae, as well as their bridging role in the development of oral biofilms. We further discuss the role of Veillonella spp. as potential “accessory pathogens” in the human oral cavity, capable of supporting colonization by other, more pathogenic species. The relationship between Veillonella spp. and dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis is also recapitulated in this review. We finally highlight areas of future research required to better understand the intergeneric signaling employed by veillonellae during their bridging activities and interspecies mutualism. With the recent discoveries of large species and strain-specific variation within the genus in biological and virulence characteristics, the study of Veillonella as an example of highly adaptive microorganisms that indirectly participates in dysbiosis holds great promise for broadening our understanding of polymicrobial disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Techniques of hollow maxillary dentures: a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4111
Author(s):  
Anas Omar Haroub ◽  
Alaa Mohammad Alaidarous ◽  
Mazen Thabet Alshahrani ◽  
Naif Mayouf Alrasheedi ◽  
Abdulhakeem Nasier Almodahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Denture Base ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Atrophic Maxilla ◽  
Adequate Sample Size ◽  
Modeling Clay

Clinically, the management of severy atrophic maxilla might represent a significant challenge for the attending dentists and surgeons to successfully perform and achieve fabricated complete maxillary dentures. Making a hollow denture base for these defects has also been previously reported as a valid approach that can be used to decrease the weight of the maxillary prosthesis. Many modalities have been proposed for these procedures with favorable outcomes, and variable events of disadvantages and adverse events. This literature review aims to collect enough evidence regarding the different reported techniques of the hollow maxillary denture, according to the different studies. Many techniques have been previously reported as using magnets, using implants, intramucosal inserts, springs, suction disks, lightweight dentures, and modified impression techniques. Many materials have been previously used with the 3D spacers of the lightweight denture techniques as dental stone, silicon putty, cellophane-wrapped asbestos, light-body coated gauze, modeling clay, salt, thermocol, caramel, and glycerine soap. Favoring one of the modalities over the other requires the inauguration of future studies with an adequate sample size to validate the efficacy and safety of these modalities. All of this information is furtherly discussed within the manuscript based on the collected evidence from the different studies in the literature.

scholarly journals Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2857
Author(s):  
Andrei-Flavius Radu ◽  
Simona Gabriela Bungau
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Medical Advances

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, primarily affecting the joints, then extra-articular manifestations can occur. Due to its complexity, which is based on an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism, good RA management requires a multidisciplinary approach. The clinical status of RA patients has improved in recent years due to medical advances in diagnosis and treatment, that have made it possible to reduce disease activity and prevent systemic complications. The most promising results were obtained by developing disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), the class to which conventional synthetic, biologic, and targeted synthetic drugs belong. Furthermore, ongoing drug development has led to obtaining molecules with improved efficacy and safety profiles, but further research is needed until RA turns into a curable pathology. In the present work, we offer a comprehensive perspective on the management of RA, by centralizing the existing data provided by significant literature, emphasizing the importance of an early and accurate diagnosis associated with optimal personalized treatment in order to achieve better outcomes for RA patients. In addition, this study suggests future research perspectives in the treatment of RA that could lead to higher efficacy and safety profiles and lower financial costs.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance with Deposits of Peculiar Morphology and Injuries of Secondary Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
José C. De La Flor ◽  
Marina Alonso ◽  
Edna Sandoval ◽  
Alexander Marschall ◽  
Miguel Rodeles
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Gammopathy ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Clone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
Kidney Lesions

We present the case of an 82-year-old woman diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) with the presence of different and peculiar kidney lesions, who began treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone, presenting during her evolution a relapse. Although the bone marrow biopsy in this case showed plasma cells as pathologic clone and there was also a reduction after chemotherapeutic treatment, rituximab was proposed as a second line. We suspected that the relapse was possibly due to another precursor as B-cell or lymphoplasmacytic cell clone. We review the literature and suggest that the treatment for MGRS should be patient-tailored, preferably by consulting a multidisciplinary team. Future research is needed to better understand the disease course and establish the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic approach for the relapse of MGRS.

Nutraceutical and Alternative Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Camfield ◽  
Jerome Sarris
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Nail Biting ◽  
Antidepressant Use

This chapter reviews current research regarding nutraceutical substances that have been systematically investigated through either case studies, open-label and/or randomized placebo-controlled trials and found to have some evidence of efficacy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (specifically, trichotillomania, compulsive nail biting, and excoriation). The substances to be considered are myo-inositol, St. John’s wort, milk thistle, borage, glycine, sarcosine, psilocybin, and N-acetylcysteine. A description of each substance is presented, together with relevant biochemistry and interpretation regarding the current evidence of efficacy and safety/tolerability as well as what can be determined about factors that may moderate its efficacy, including OCD symptom severity, and advice in regard to concomitant antidepressant use. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are also presented.

Evaluation of a Phenobarbital-Based Protocol for Severe Alcohol Withdrawal in Critically Ill Patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 001857872093146
Author(s):  
Melanie Goodberlet ◽  
Kevin Dube ◽  
Mary Kovacevic ◽  
Paul Szumita ◽  
Jeremy DeGrado
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Guideline Implementation ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Apache Ii Score ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Baseline Severity ◽  
Icu Length Of Stay

Background: Phenobarbital offers several possible advantages to benzodiazepines including a longer half-life and anti-glutamate activity, and is an alternative for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a phenobarbital protocol for alcohol withdrawal newly implemented at our institution. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective analysis of adult patients admitted to the medical/surgical/burn/trauma intensive care unit (ICU) with or at risk of severe alcohol withdrawal. Patients who were admitted prior to guideline implementation and received scheduled benzodiazepines (PRE) were compared to those who received phenobarbital post guideline update (POST). The primary outcome was ICU length of stay (LOS). Results: Upon analysis, 68 patients in the PRE and 64 patients in the POST were identified for inclusion. The median APACHE II score was significantly higher in the POST (4.5 [3:9] vs 10 [5:13], P < 0.001). ICU (2 [1:2] vs 2 [2:5], P = 0.002) and hospital (4.5 [3:6] vs 8 [6:12], P < 0.001) LOS were significantly longer in the POST. There was no difference in mortality or duration of mechanical ventilation. More patients required propofol or dexmedetomidine on day one in the POST ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients in the POST had significantly longer ICU and hospital LOS, and had a higher baseline severity of illness. Future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of phenobarbital compared to benzodiazepines for severe alcohol withdrawal.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in 45 adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. S. KOOIJ ◽  
H. BURGER ◽  
A. M. BOONSTRA ◽  
P. D. VAN DER LINDEN ◽  
L. E. KALMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Dose Titration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Impact

Background. Data on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are lacking in Europe. This study was undertaken to report on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in an adult out-patient population with ADHD, and to compare results with US data.Method. A double-blind randomized cross-over trial comparing methylphenidate and placebo in 45 adults with ADHD with childhood onset was performed in a dose–titration design. Methylphenidate was titrated from 0·5 mg/kg per day in week 1 up to 1·0 mg/kg per day in week 3.Results. Response rates using methylphenidate varied between 38 and 51%, and using placebo between 7 and 18% (p<0·05), depending on outcome measure used. Although the overall percentage of subjects having any side effect on both methylphenidate and placebo was rather high, side effects on methylphenidate over and above those on placebo were few and mild.Conclusions. Methylphenidate proves to be an effective and well tolerated treatment for symptoms of ADHD in adults in the short term. Future research should study the long-term response and clarify the impact of gender, co-morbidity, socio-economic status and IQ on response rates in adults with ADHD.

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