scholarly journals Patrick Colquhoun`s Thames River Police as the Precursor of the Modern Police System

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kiryukhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Police System ◽  
Thames River ◽  
Modern Form

The article examines the features of the formation of the police system of our time. In the 18th century, the British law enforcement system was on the verge of grandiose reforms. Rapid economic growth and social shifts have revealed the need to ensure public order and security, suppress riots, protect goods and goods in a new format, which required the creation of specialized law enforcement units. The modern form of police law enforcement was implemented in 1829 by Robert Peel, who created the Police Service, the territorial police force responsible for ensuring law and order in Greater London (Metropolitan Police Service).

Geography of Industrialization

Geography ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Hayter ◽  
Jerry Patchell
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Industrialization broadly refers to the transformation of agrarian-rural societies to industrial-urban societies that are dominated by manufacturing and services. The beginning of this transformation, conventionally referred to as the industrial revolution, is typically traced to the late 18th century in England. Although the term has broader usage, “industry” is often equated with manufacturing, and industrialization specifically with the growth of manufacturing within the so-called factory system that began to proliferate at this time. The new factories featured mechanical power and the employment of specialized, waged labor to operate machines to supply large volumes of standardized goods to markets mediated by the price mechanism. In the UK, and subsequently in many other countries, the onset of industrialization featured the textile, iron and steel, machine tool, and coal industries. More generally, industrialization is seen as part of the Great Transformation that features the rise of market-based forms of exchange and rapid economic growth based on deepening divisions of labor and economic interdependencies across economic sectors. Indeed, industrialization has involved co-evolutionary changes in agriculture, energy, transportation, and service sectors, as well as in manufacturing. Globally, industrialization has been led and dominated by the capitalist or market economies of western Europe, their New World offshoots, and Japan. The Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and China emphasized industrialization within the framework of centrally planned economies during the mid-20th century; but they have since accepted market forces as the principal means of organizing the production and exchange of goods and services. Similarly, the recent rapid economic growth of newly industrializing economies (NIEs), especially in Asia, and the transitional economies of eastern Europe, has been led by the development of internationally competitive manufacturing sectors. Market-led industrialization is remarkably dynamic and both creative and destructive. While generating vast wealth and facilitating massive increases in human population, industrialization features structural crises and has imposed formidable problems of inequality, poverty, social cohesion, and environmental degradation. Indeed, on a global scale industrialized and rich (i.e., powerful) nations became synonymous with each other (along with poor, non-industrial nations). This connection between industrialization, broadly conceived, and economic growth is modified but not disrupted by the idea of post-industrial societies that are dominated by service sector jobs. Thus, these jobs are themselves highly specialized and many linked to goods-producing activities within increasingly globalized value chains. For 250 years industrialization has exerted massive impacts on society and economy that are now often discussed in the context of globalization. Moreover, the challenges of industrial transformation are incessant: leading countries and regions constantly search for new forms of growth, while laggards seek to transform agrarian-rural societies to an urban-industrial base and “catch-up” with the leaders. The generation of wealth needs to address issues of its distribution; and the imperatives of growth and efficiency cannot be divorced from social and environmental concerns. Over time and space these challenges are connected and different.

scholarly journals Law Enforcement in Times of Violent Demonstrations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-240
Author(s):  
Syed Kaleem Imam
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Public Disorder

This paper is an in-depth study on the country's public disorder and the efficacy of police response. In order to understand the dynamics of police response towards violent public order situations, it is important to elaborate complexities of the prevailing environment. The evaluation of this environment revolves around the existing policing practices towards handling volatile law and order situations, available legal framework, and internal challenges to deal with violent situations firmly. The research is based on the police department's shared thoughts, years of handling turbulent situations, and the requisite provisions for an apt response. Besides relevant reports, articles and assessed data have been consulted. Suggestions as to how police can act in a better manner in times, related strategies and tactical procedures have been elucidated.

scholarly journals Public Policy Interests and Algorithm for Determining the Law Applicable to Private Law Relations Complicated by a Foreign Element

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
A. A. Shulakov
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Enforcement Officer ◽  
Law Enforcement Officer ◽  
The Law

The study contains a step-by-step algorithm for determining the law applicable to private cross-border legal relations. The algorithm is developed based on legislation, law enforcement practice and doctrine. The initial rule of the sequential execution of the stages (steps) of the algorithm is a mechanism in which the determination of the law applicable to the legal relationship at one of the stages excludes the subsequent stages of the algorithm. Public policy interests dictate the rules for determining the law to be applied to private law relations complicated by a foreign element. The establishment by the legislator and law enforcement officer of the closest connection between the interests of conflicting public orders (legal orders) with elements of cross-border legal relations is the basis for the process regulation in the Russian Federation. At the first, second and third stages of the algorithm, the interests of the domestic public order (law and order) dominate. At the fourth stage of the algorithm, public interests in the part not regulated by super imperative norms are correlated with the agreement of the parties on the choice of the applicable law. At the fifth — eighth stages of the algorithm, the law enforcement officer is guided by the rules established by the legislator taking into account the interests of public orders that are conflicting in cross-border legal relations. At the last, ninth stage of the algorithm, the applicable law is established by the judge based on the closest connection between the interests of public order (law and order) with elements of crossborder legal relations.

KEY PRINCIPLES OF PROVIDING PUBLIC ORDER BY THE NATIONAL POLICE DURING MASS EVENTS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii Melnyk ◽  
◽  
Mykola Gutsuliak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
National Police ◽  
Mass Events

The article deals with the features of public order and security during mass events in terms of foreign experience, which is implemented in the activities of bodies and units of the National Police of Ukraine in the framework of its reform. There has been analyzed the basic principles that determine the strategy and methods of policing with mass gatherings under the best European practices (Scandinavian model) to ensure law and order. In particular, the key principles of European law enforcement practice in ensuring the human right to a peaceful assembly about the range of regulations that define the activities of the National Police in this area of ​​activity have been studied. There has been investigated the main criteria that affect the effectiveness of the study model of public order protection in the work of the National Police of Ukraine. The scientific research is based on the concept of the introduction of the Scandinavian model of public safety and order in the activities of bodies and subdivisions of the National Police of Ukraine during mass events, through the prism of the provisions enshrined in it. The presented conclusions and proposals in the scientific article are based on the interview of persons from the leadership of the bodies and units of the National Police, who were trained by the Advisory Mission of the European Union in Ukraine on public order during mass events [1].

scholarly journals Application of Foreign Law in Economic Disputes and Implementation of National Interests

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
N.V. Deltsova ◽  
U.A. Dorofeeva ◽  
M.N. Zubkova ◽  
M.A. Tokmakov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Mandatory Rules

In the context of globalization, the question of protecting one's own national interests is becoming more acute for the state on whose territory foreign law and order is applied. The application of foreign legislation in economic disputes creates various problems and raises questions related to the establishment of the content of foreign law, which must be resolved in the context of Theoretical understanding and law enforcement practice. This study is aimed at identifying the risks of uncertainty in the application of foreign law to relations involving a foreign element in the Russian legal reality and finding ways to overcome them taking into account national interests. Special attention is paid to consideration of the Institute of non-use (limitations) of foreign law is presented in the form of rules on the application of the mandatory rules of the forum (lex fori), the reservation of public order (order public), and eliminating the use of foreign law in case of conflict.

scholarly journals Legal status of police services, implementing anti-criminal policy of the 17th century muscovite state

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
A. G. Ryabchenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Set Up

The article deals with the specifics which for mauthority of the prikazy, voivodes and gubnye institutions in the 17th century Muscovite State interms of anti-criminal activities that consist in maintaining public order and taking part incriminal procedure. The largest works copein relation tocombating crime was done by the Robbery prikaz that ran gubnye izby and set up a gubnoy starosta corps (by means of elections and appointments). Apart from the Robbery prikaz, law-enforcement duties, to a great extent, were also implemented by the Zemskiy and Sysknoy prikaz. Special attention with in this article is paid to the issue of voivodes competence formation in connection with anti-criminal policy, their duties were determined by «nakazy» from the centre and consisted both in maintaining law and order and arranging search and investigation into the cases under their jurisdiction. The article also addresses the lack of definite separation of duties within the jurisdiction context, e.g., political off enders could be and if needed had to be traced by police services of all levels, but an investigation was generally conducted at the prikaz level where as a judgment could be delivered at the highest power level.

scholarly journals The history of the formation and legislative registration of the activities of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair Police

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Chingiz Akhmedov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Military

In this article, the author examines the history of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod fair police from the beginning of the XIX century. The reasons for its establishment are found out, from the fact that due to the lack of a sufficient number of police officers of the Nizhny Novgorod province, their functions during the fairs were performed by temporarily assigned Cossack formations from the military department, which did not have a sufficient level of competence in the implementation of law enforcement activities. The author consistently reveals the interest of the provincial authorities in the protection of law and order during fairs and their interaction with the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs when creating a commission for the formation of police constables on the basis of archival and literary sources. The article examines the activities of the commission for financing the police constables, providing them with weapons and means of movement. On the basis of the instruction, the rights and obligations of the mounted police constables, who ensure the protection of public order during the fairs, were analyzed. The author emphasizes that, despite the temporary nature of the formation of police constables, they were assigned the same duties and enjoyed the same rights as the ranks of the district police.

Regional Archival Fonds on the Establishment of Police Service in the Kursk Gubernia

2018 ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Korovin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Secure Environment ◽  
The Russian Empire

Effective functioning of law enforcement is one of key factors ensuring needs of person, society, and state and forming a physically secure environment for human life and activities. The efficiency of modern reforms of national law enforcement largely depends on integration of the accumulated experience of its discharge of functions. Therefore, studying the evolution of the Russian police service, especially at a regional level, has great significance. The least studied period is that of the establishment and organization of police service in subnational entities. Introduction of the documentary sources from regional archives into scientific use allows to fill the gap in studying the patterns of emerging legal status of police officials and their functional responsibilities throughout the gubernias of the Russian Empire during the 18th century. The article draws on materials from the State Archive of the Kursk Region, it assesses fonds and documents containing data on the efforts of central and local authorities to recruit staff and streamline the activities of institutions that discharged police functions, while the provincial government was being established. The article focuses on the regulation of status of rural police officers who were to enforce law compliance in the Kursk gubernia (which was mostly agrarian) and who were guarantors of rights and legitimate interests of the population. The sources show the spectrum of organizational and personnel problems faced by the local police in the performance of their official tasks. The author registers social significance of policing on voluntary basis. The materials reviewed in the article may be of use for writing general history of police and for further research of the subject.

Public Order: Concept and Category Content

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
R. G. Kalustov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of

The article discusses the emergence and development, as well as existing approaches to understanding the concept of “public order”. The history of the formation of this category is examined by analyzing regulatory legal acts. This method allows you to track the change in value and determine how to correctly understand the “public order” today. Revealing the concept, ambiguity arises in understanding this category, in connection with which the most applicable approach is currently determined for use in practice by law enforcement agencies.

THE EFFECTS OF PARTY IDEOLOGY ON PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY SPENDING IN FORMER SOCIALIST COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Dejan Bursac
Keyword(s):  
Public Order ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Transitional Environment ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Budget Component ◽  
Western Democracies

The study is designed to empirically test the effects which different ruling party ideologies have on spending for public order and safety budget component in Central and Eastern European countries. The transitional environment and especially post-Cold War security context have altered the concept of security in former socialist societies. Our assumption, based not just on theoretical concepts of left and right ideologies, but also on studies examining this matter in more developed Western democracies, was that right-leaning cabinets will have higher levels of budget consumption for law and order than leftist governments. The empirical model confirmed this hypothesis, albeit only partially. A number of other political, economic, and contextual variables connected with transitional setting, which usually have effect on general levels of spending or certain budget areas, have demonstrated a low significance when comes to law and order spending.

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