scholarly journals Pratiques de production et caracteristiques physiques et chimiques du shô basi, un couscous de niebe (Vigna unguiculata) produit au Mali

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17509-17528
Author(s):  
A Timitey ◽  
◽  
L Adinsi ◽  
YE Madodé ◽  
F Cissé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
End Products ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

In West Africa, cowpea is processed into several end-products among which the most consumed in Mali is a steamed granulated product known as cowpea couscous or Shô basi, in Bambara. Organoleptic properties ofShô basi are variable, probably as a consequence of the diversity of the practices of production. This study aims at determining these practices, their constraints and the physico-chemical characteristics of Shô basi as sold on Malian markets. A survey using focus group discussions, and involving eighteen (18) Shô basi production cooperatives, each gathering 8 to 32 members, was conducted in South Mali. The information collected was related to cowpea varieties used for production, flow diagrams, constraints of production, and quality criteria of the end-products. Eighteen (18) Shô basi samples were collected from the interviewed groups and used for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of Shô basi. Results showed that most of the processors were married, non or moderately literate and aged between 20 and 59 years women. The main cowpea varieties used for the production are sangaraka and wilibali, both from the species Vigna unguiculata. Both varieties of cowpea are characterized by a white or cream color. Shô basi is produced using a single process with two major technological variants. One involves a wet total dehulling (VDT), whereas the second involves a dry partial dehulling (VDP) of cowpea seeds. Regardless of the technological variant and cowpea variety used, interviewees indicated that a good qualityShô basi must have a light color, a soft mouthfeel texture, a homogeneous granule size and lacking beany flavor. Protein(25,0g/100g) and polyphenol (24,3mg/100g)contents as well as swelling level were similar for Shô basi from both variants. However, Shô basi from technology involving partial dehulling (VDP) was less bright, richer in fiber and minerals, and contained more fine granules thanShô basi involving whole dehulling(VDT). Cowpea dehulling, flour granulation, steam cooking and drying are the mean constraints for quality standardization and large-scale production of Shô basi in Mali.

Graphene Production With Stirred Media Mills

2010 ◽  
Vol 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Knieke ◽  
Angela Berger ◽  
Wolfgang Peukert
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Single Layer Graphene ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Graphene Sheets ◽  
Multilayer Graphene ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Graphite Particles ◽  
Media Milling

AbstractSince the discovery of stable graphene sheets by Novoselov und Geim in 2004 the one atom thick carbon material has been attracted great interest because of its outstanding physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Although there had been intensive research to find new ways in the preparation of single-layer graphene sheets in the last few years, especially the large-scale production of graphene still remains challenging. In this paper we present a new approach, which allows the high-yield production of graphene sheets in a simple stirred media milling process. Under mild milling conditions single- and multilayer graphene sheets have been successfully produced from commercial graphite powder in a liquid medium. During the delamination procedure, the graphite particles were stressed between the milling beads. Shear and compressive normal forces can lead under mild milling conditions, i.e. low stress energies, to a continuous mechanical peeling of graphene sheets from the graphite surface. By means of Atomic Force Microscopy a high yield of single- and multilayer graphene sheets was detected. A concentration of exfoliated sheets of 2 wt% starting from a 5 wt% suspension of coarse graphite particles could be determined after a milling time of only 3 h. This concentration is much higher than those, which were reached by most of the known chemical methods. Since stirred media milling can be realized as large-scale process, a high-yield and low-cost production of graphene flakes becomes possible at ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Inherent Safety Assessment of Industrial-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Samir Meramo-Hurtado ◽  
Nicolas Ceballos-Arrieta ◽  
Jose Cortes-Caballero ◽  
Jeffrey Leon-Pulido ◽  
Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Inherent Safety ◽  
Safety Index ◽  
Lemongrass Oil

In this study, the inherent safety analysis of large-scale production of chitosan microbeads modified with TiO2 nanoparticles was developed using the Inherent Safety Index (ISI) methodology. This topology was structured based on two main stages: (i) Green-based synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles based on lemongrass oil extraction and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) hydrolysis, and (ii) Chitosan gelation and modification with nanoparticles. Stage (i) is divided into two subprocesses for accomplishing TiO2 synthesis, lemongrass oil extraction and TiO2 production. The plant was designed to produce 2033 t/year of chitosan microbeads, taking crude chitosan, lemongrass, and TTIP as the primary raw materials. The process was evaluated through the ISI methodology to identify improvement opportunity areas based on a diagnosis of process risks. This work used industrial-scale process inventory data of the analyzed production process from mass and energy balances and the process operating conditions. The ISI method comprises the Chemical Inherent Safety Index (CSI) and Process Inherent Safety Index (PSI) to assess a whole chemical process from a holistic perspective, and for this process, it reflected a global score of 28. Specifically, CSI and PSI delivered scores of 16 and 12, respectively. The analysis showed that the most significant risks are related to TTIP handling and its physical-chemical properties due to its toxicity and flammability. Insights about this process′s safety performance were obtained, indicating higher risks than those from recommended standards.

scholarly journals Additive Manufactured Large Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Composites with Desired Deformation Ability and Corrosion Resistance

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Luo ◽  
Leilei Xing ◽  
Yidong Jiang ◽  
Ruiwen Li ◽  
Chao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Metallic Glass ◽  
Bulk Metallic Glass ◽  
Metallic Glasses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bulk Metallic Glasses ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Size Limitation ◽  
Deformation Ability

Zr-based bulk metallic glasses have been attracting tremendous interest of researchers because of their unique combination of mechanical and chemical properties. However, their application is limited as large-scale production is difficult due to the limitation of cooling rate. Recently, additive manufacturing technology has been proposed as a new solution for fabricating bulk metallic glasses without size limitation. In this study, selective laser melting technology was used to prepare Zr60Fe10Cu20Al10 bulk metallic glass. The laser parameters for fabricating full dense amorphous specimens were investigated. The mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of the prepared samples were measured by micro-compression and electrochemical corrosion testing, respectively. Lastly, Zr60Fe10Cu20Al10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) with dispersed nano-crystals was made, and good deformation ability was revealed during micro-compression test. The corrosion resistance decreased a bit due to the crystalline phases. The results provide a promising route for manufacturing large and complex bulk metallic glasses with better mechanical property and acceptable corrosion resistance.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dot from Water Hyacinth Stalk by Radiation Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 897-902
Author(s):  
Kanokorn Wechakorn ◽  
Panida Sangangam ◽  
Nattamon Puengposop ◽  
Pattra Lertsarawut ◽  
Tanagorn Kwamman
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Radiation Processing ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Ethanol Pretreatment ◽  
Water Hyacinths

Water hyacinth is a severe issue, resulting in river blocking in high flood risk areas like Pathum Thani province, Thailand. To reduce the amount of invasive water hyacinths, their stalks were used as carbon precursors for carbon dots (CDs) by one-pot gamma irradiation, which is a promising method for high-quality and large-scale production. Furthermore, this method was compared with the conventional hydrothermal method. This finding proved that the optical properties of as-prepared CDs from both methods were no significant differences. The CD solution had a pale yellow color and exhibited tuneable fluorescence emission. They are strongly absorbed in the UV region of 250-300 nm. An effect of ethanol pretreatment was also studied. It was found that the ethanol pretreatment has no substantial effect on the photophysical and chemical properties of as-prepared CDs, whereas it was crucially affected by the pH stability of CDs. The maximum fluorescence emission of CDs with (ECD-G) and without (CD-G) ethanol pretreatment were 443 nm (~2.5% of quantum yields) and 440 nm (~2.0% of quantum yields) with the excitation at 360 nm, respectively. The carboxyl groups were the primary functional group of CD-G and ECD-G, confirmed by the FTIR spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical Study of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Senegal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Awa Sarr ◽  
Amy Bodian ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Badara Gueye ◽  
Ghislain Kanfani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Essential Contribution

Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plays a key role in family farming systems in Senegal. It makes an essential contribution to economic, nutritional and food security. Although it is crucial, little is known about how farmers classify the diversity of local varieties or about the social practices associated with them. The aim of this study is to characterize the farming practices associated with growing cowpea in Senegal. Surveys were conducted involving 335 rural farmers living in 37 villages, spread across seven regions that produce cowpea. An average of ten farmers were randomly selected in each village. The results reveal that cowpea is a key feature of cropping systems in the studied area. Our findings highlight the high diversity of local cowpea varieties with 59 local names inventoried. In 75% of cases, the name refers to the seed’s morphology or color. Cowpea production is more diverse in Diourbel and Louga and less diverse in the south. More than half the farmers (57%) acquired their cowpea seeds (early, semi-early and late varieties) outside their village, either from markets, seed suppliers or NGOs. This new understanding of farmers’ expertise in the management of cowpea and its local variability will help to valorise local diversity in breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Organic and non-organic mulches – impact on environmental conditions, yield, and quality of Cucurbitaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Bucki ◽  
Piotr Siwek
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Current State ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractThe publication presents the current state of knowledge regarding the importance of mulching in the cultivation of Cucurbitaceae (cucurbit, or gourd family) vegetables. The intensifying climate change – mainly decreasing rainfall – combined with large-scale production of cucurbit vegetables worldwide prompt the application of methods that reduce evaporation and weed infestation. One of the widespread methods is mulching of the soil. The most important advantages of this treatment include the efficient use of water, the reduction in soil erosion and in the leaching of nutrients to the deeper layers. In addition, mulching improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and positively affects the surrounding microclimate of the plant. The report includes descriptions of the characteristics of various types of organic, mineral and synthetic mulches used. The results of studies on the environmental conditions forming in mulched soil are presented. Also, the results of research into the physico-chemical properties of mulch-covered soil are collated. The effect of mulching on cucurbit vegetables was evaluated in terms of plant growth and development as well as fruit yield and its biological value. The monograph also deals with the effect of mulching on weed infestation, as well as the occurrence of harmful and beneficial organisms.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

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