Pathological Diagnosis and Genomic Characterization of ICP4 Gene of lnfectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates in Clinically Infected Chicken in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important viral respiratory disease in poultry. Recently, re-emergence of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) has been reported in several countries including India. The current study aimed to evaluate the poultry flocks of Tamil Nadu with circulating GaHV-1 and to elucidate the origin of the virus involved in the outbreak. Methods: In this study, a molecular based survey on the overall occurrence of natural cases of Infectious laryngo-tracheitis in poultry flocks from Tamil Nadu, India were performed. Pathological findings in respiratory and secondary lymphoid organs like caecal tonsils and harderian gland was carried out. The PCR technique targeting Infected Cell Protein-4 (ICP4) gene along with molecular characterization was performed. Result: The overall prevalence rate in the outbreak was 42.86% with highest incidence in layer flocks (62.85%) than the broiler flocks (22.85%). The highest susceptible age groups were between 20-30 weeks old. Tracheal pathology revealed epithelial sloughing, syncytial cell formation, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies and heterophilic exudation microscopically. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ICP4 gene revealed high genetic homology between field isolates and the virulent strains from Turkey, Germany, China and Brazil. In the present study, along with pathological findings, a rapid and sensitive PCR assay was used for detection of ILT virus specific ICP4 gene in commercial poultry farms in the region.

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Immune Responses in the Eye-Associated Lymphoid Tissues of Chickens after Ocular Inoculation with Vaccine and Virulent Strains of the Respiratory Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV)

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11070635 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 635

Author(s):

Gabriela Beltrán ◽

David J. Hurley ◽

Robert M. Gogal ◽

Shayan Sharif ◽

Leah R. Read ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Harderian Gland ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Viral Genomes ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of poultry caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Control of the disease with live attenuated vaccines administered via eye drop build upon immune responses generated by the eye-associated lymphoid tissues. The aim of this study was to assess cytokine and lymphocyte changes in the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT) and Harderian gland (HG) stimulated by the ocular inoculation of the ILTV chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine strain and virulent strain 63140. This study offers strong evidence to support the roles that the CALT and HG play in the development of protective ILTV immune responses. It supports the premise that ILTV-mediated immunomodulation favors the B cell response over those of T cells. Further, it provides evidence that expansions of CD8α+ cells, with the concomitant expression of the Granzyme A gene, are key to reducing viral genomes in the CALT and halting ILTV cytolytic replication in the conjunctiva. Ultimately, this study revealed that the early upregulation of interleukin (IL)-12p40 and Interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine genes, which shape the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses, retarded the decline of virus replication, and enhanced the development of lesions in the conjunctiva epithelium.

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Cytokine gene transcription in the trachea, Harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia of chickens inoculated with virulent infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) strain

Avian Pathology ◽

10.1080/03079457.2018.1492090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 497-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ariel Eduardo Vagnozzi ◽

Gabriela Beltrán ◽

Guillermo Zavala ◽

Leah Read ◽

Shayan Sharif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Transcription ◽

Harderian Gland ◽

Trigeminal Ganglia ◽

Cytokine Gene ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

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Molecular detection and genetic characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in poultry in Myanmar

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02666-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhiyuan Yang ◽

Shiro Murata ◽

Sotaro Fujisawa ◽

Masaki Takehara ◽

Ken Katakura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Cell Protein ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

Abstract Background Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In Southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, poultry farming is a major industry. Although it is known that infectious respiratory pathogens, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), are a major threat to poultry farms, there are no data currently available on the epidemiology of ILTV in Myanmar. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a molecular detection of ILTV in 20 poultry farms in Myanmar. Results Of the 57 tested oropharyngeal swabs, 10 were positive for ILTV by polymerase chain reaction of a 647 bp region of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, giving a prevalence of ILTV of 17.5% (10/57). Further sequencing analysis of infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) gene and glycoprotein B, G, and J (gB, gG, and gJ) genes indicated that these isolates were field strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Myanmar strains clustered together in a single branch and were closely related to other reference strains isolated from Asian countries. Conclusions This study demonstrated the presence of ILTV in poultry farms in Myanmar. The genetic characterization analysis performed provides the fundamental data for epidemiological studies that monitor circulating strains of ILTV in Myanmar.

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Infection of Broilers with Two Virulent Strains of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus: Criteria for Evaluation of Experimental Infections

Avian Diseases ◽

10.1637/11075-033115-reg.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 394-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ariel Vagnozzi ◽

Sylva M. Riblet ◽

Susan M. Williams ◽

Guillermo Zavala ◽

Maricarmen García

Keyword(s):

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Experimental Infections ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Criteria For Evaluation

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Molecular detection and genetic characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in poultry in Myanmar

10.21203/rs.2.23718/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhiyuan Yang ◽

Shiro Murata ◽

Sotaro Fujisawa ◽

Masaki Takehara ◽

Ken Katakura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Cell Protein ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

Abstract Background Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In Southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, poultry farming is a major industry. Although it is known that infectious respiratory pathogens like infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) are the major threat to poultry farms, there are no data currently available on the epidemiology of ILTV in Myanmar. In this study, therefore, we conducted molecular detection of ILTV in 20 poultry farms in Myanmar. Results Of the 57 tested oropharyngeal swabs, 10 were positive for ITLV by PCR of a 647 bp region of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, giving a prevalence of ITLV of 17.5% (10/57). Further sequencing analysis of infected cell protein 4 ( ICP4 ) gene and glycoprotein B, G, and J ( gB , gG , and gJ ) genes indicated that these isolates were field strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Myanmar strains clustered together in a single branch and were closely related to other reference strains isolated from Asian countries. Conclusions This study demonstrated the presence of ILTV in poultry farms in Myanmar. The genetic characterization analysis performed provides the fundamental data for epidemiological studies monitoring circulating strains of ILTV in Myanmar.

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