Standardization of Grafting in Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Background: Commercial cultivation of bitter gourd is affected by biotic stresses like mosaic disease, fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode as well as abiotic stress like drought. Grafting with resistant rootstocks can be a tool to control these problems. In vegetable production, grafting is exploited commercially in many parts of the world. The cultivated area of grafted solanaceae and cucubitaceae plants has increased tremendously in recent years because of the advantages of grafted plants. Commercial use of vegetable grafting is a relatively recent innovation in India and scientific information on grafting in bittergourd is meager. In this context, identification of suitable rootstocks and standardization of grafting techniques that do not have adverse effect on yield and fruit quality not only lay foundation for further evaluation on tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses but also enhance the area and production of bitter gourd especially in sustainable production systems. Methods: Grafting in bitter gourd was carried out with three grafting methods such as hole insertion grafting, one cotyledon grafting and cleft grafting using growth regulators viz., alar and CCC to control height of rootstocks in order to identify suitable method, growth regulator and its concentration. The grafting experiment was done independently to four cucurbitaceous rootstocks viz., sponge gourd, pumpkin, bottle gourd and bitter gourd using bittergourd var. Preethi as scion. Height and diameter of the rootstocks before grafting were recorded and then the growth regulators alar and CCC each at 10 mgL-1 and 50 mgL-1 along with distilled water as control were sprayed on rootstocks in order to prevent the lodging of the root stocks and then grafted using different methods. Days taken for graft union and percentage success were also evaluated after grafting. Result: Our study of grafting bitter gourd scion into four cucurbitaceous rootstocks utilizing three methods and two growth regulators at two different concentration along with control exhibited significant difference in graft success among the methods as well as concentration of growth regulator in all four experiments. This work can be further utilized for imparting resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses in bitter gourd by selecting suitable rootstocks.

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Influence of Velvetbean on Southern Root-knot Nematode When Used As Part of the Crop Rotation in Low-input Vegetable Production in Southern Georgia

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.806c ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 806C-806

Author(s):

Kathryn E. Brunson ◽

Sharad C. Phatak ◽

J. Danny Gay ◽

Donald R. Sumner

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Production Systems ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Low Input ◽

Before And After ◽

Southern Georgia ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode

Velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana L.) has been used as part of the crop rotation in low-input vegetable production in southern Georgia to help suppress populations of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for the past 2 years. Over-wintering cover crops of crimson and subterranean clovers were used the low-input plots and rye was the plow-down cover crop in the conventional plots. Tomatoes, peppers, and eggplant were the vegetable crops grown in these production systems. Following the final harvest in 1992, use of nematicides in the low-input plots was discontinued and velvetbean was then planted into the low-input plots and disked in after 90 days. Results from the 1993–94 soil samples taken before and after velvetbean showed a continuing trend of reduced nematode numbers where velvetbean had been, while most conventional plots that had nematicides applied resulted in increases in nematode populations.

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Emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia from a sandy soil following surface application and incorporation of cauliflower leaf residues

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859615000027 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 153 (8) ◽

pp. 1341-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. NETT ◽

R. FUß ◽

H. FLESSA ◽

M. FINK

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Production Systems ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Surface Application ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Northeastern Germany

SUMMARYVegetable production systems are often characterized by excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and the incorporation of large amounts of post-harvest crop residues. This makes them particularly prone to ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Yet, urgently needed management strategies that can reduce these harmful emissions are missing, because underlying processes are not fully understood. The present study therefore focuses on the effects of residue placement on NH3 and N2O emissions. For this, cauliflower leaf residues (286 kg N/ha) were either applied as surface mulch (mulch) or mixed with the topsoil (mix) and in situ NH3 and N2O emissions were investigated. The experiment took place on a sandy soil in Northeastern Germany during summer 2012. Residue application created a high peak in N2O emissions during the first 2 weeks, irrespective of residue placement. There was no significant difference in the emission sums over the experimental period (65 days) between the mix (5·8 ± 0·68 kg N2O-N/ha) and the mulch (9·7 ± 1·53 kg N2O-N/ha) treatment. This was also the case for NH3 emissions, which exhibited a lower initial peak followed by a prolonged decline. Measured emission sums were 4·1 ± 0·33 (mix) and 5·1 ± 0·73 (mulch) kg NH3-N/ha. It was concluded that substantial NH3 and N2O emissions can occur after high input of available organic carbon and N even in a coarse-textured soil with low water-holding capacity. Other than expected, surface-application does not enhance NH3 emissions at the expense of N2O emissions compared with residue mixing into the soil, at least under the conditions of the present study.

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Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation to Manage Soilborne Diseases in Muck Soil Vegetable Production Systems

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1578-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (7) ◽

pp. 1757-1762 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Anna L. Testen ◽

Sally A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Production Systems ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Soilborne Diseases ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Muck Soil

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) was evaluated as a tool for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, in mustard greens (Brassica juncea) produced on Ohio muck soils in Huron and Stark Counties. In two consecutive years of field trials, wheat bran (20.2 Mg ha−1), molasses (10.1 Mg ha−1), and wheat bran (20.2 Mg ha−1) plus molasses (10.1 Mg ha−1) were assessed as ASD carbon sources and compared with nonamended controls. Data were collected from plants grown in the field and from plants grown in field-treated soils in growth chamber-based post-ASD bioassays. Anaerobic conditions developed in ASD-treated soils in both trial years, as indicated by polyvinyl chloride pipes painted with an iron oxide paint. Soil pH did not decrease during ASD at the Huron County site of the mustard greens clubroot trials in either trial year but soil pH decreased significantly during ASD in Stark County soils treated with ASD with either wheat bran or wheat bran plus molasses compared with control soils in both trial years. Impacts of ASD on plant biomass were inconsistent in direct field measurements; however, significantly higher biomasses were observed in lettuce and mustard greens grown in bioassay soils collected from plots treated with ASD with wheat bran-based amendments compared with plants grown in soils from control plots. Based on direct field measurements and bioassays, the use of ASD with any carbon source led to significant reductions in root-knot nematode galling on lettuce compared with controls. Reductions in clubroot severity in mustard greens following ASD were less consistent; however, significant reductions in clubroot severity were observed in the field in one trial year and in both years of bioassays. The results of these studies indicate that ASD is a promising tool for managing soilborne diseases in muck soil vegetable production systems.

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303 Effect of Growth Regulators on the Growth and Performance of Celosia plumosus

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.494f ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 494F-495

Author(s):

Sabrina L. Shaw ◽

Eddie B. Williams ◽

William F. Hayslett

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Species Group ◽

Control Group ◽

New Variety ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Seedlings of Celosia plumosus `New Look', a new variety, were evaluated for their response to the recommended rates of three different plant growth regulators commonly used by growers. The plant growth regulators were B-nine, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole. These plant growth regulators were applied at the rate recommended by the manufacturer for this species. Group I, the control, was not treated with a plant growth regulator, but was sprayed with water at the same time the other treatments were applied. Plants were grown in 5-inch plastic pots in the greenhouse. Plant height was recorded before treatment and once weekly thereafter for the duration of the experiment. Upon termination of the experiment, plant top fresh weight and top dry weight were measured. Results showed that at the recommended rate for all three plant growth regulators, there were no significant difference in height or weight between the plant growth regulator-treated groups of plants or the control group. The only observable difference noted was in leaf coloration of the plants treated with plant growth regulators.

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Comparison of Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.743 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 743-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES ◽

SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽

W. E. MORGAN MORROW

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Production Systems ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Swine Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Conventional Farms ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Conventional Systems ◽

On Farm

Conventional swine production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in swine production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 pigs and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was detected against 10 of the 12 antimicrobials tested. The highest frequency of resistance was found against tetracycline (80%), followed by streptomycin (43.4%) and sulfamethoxazole (36%). Frequency of resistance to most classes of antimicrobials (except tetracycline) was significantly higher among conventional farms than antimicrobial-free farms, with ORs ranging from 2.84 for chloramphenicol to 23.22 for kanamycin at the on-farm level. A total of 28 antimicrobial resistance patterns were detected. A resistance pattern with streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (n = 130) was the most common multidrug resistance pattern. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates with this pattern between the conventional (19.5%) and the antimicrobial-free systems (18%) (OR = 1.8; P > 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.

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A lysimeter study of nitrate leaching and optimum nitrogen application rates for intensively irrigated vegetable production systems in Central China

Journal of Soils and Sediments ◽

10.1007/s11368-009-0063-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 9-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Changsheng Zhao ◽

Chengxiao Hu ◽

Wei Huang ◽

Xuecheng Sun ◽

Qiling Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Production Systems ◽

Central China ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Application Rates

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Effect of growth regulator “Zerebra Agro” on soybean yield in the Kaluga region

Кормопроизводство ◽

10.25685/krm.2020.2020.56914 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

З. Фёдорова ◽

А. Шитикова ◽

А. Тевченков

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulator ◽

Crop Production ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Biological Action ◽

Colloidal Solutions ◽

Potential Productivity ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Kaluga Region

Исследования проведены в условиях полевого опыта на дерново-подзолистых супесчаных почвах в 20162017 годах и заключались в выявлении потенциальной урожайности сортов сои северного экотипа и определении эффективности действия ростостимулирующих препаратов в агроклиматических условиях Калужской области. Объектами исследований были сорта сои Магева, Светлая и Касатка. В последнее время в растениеводстве для подавления фитопатогенной микрофлоры доказана возможность применения в низких концентрациях солей серебра. На растениях применяют серебросодержащие препараты коллоидные растворы, содержащие наноразмерные частицы металлического серебра, широкого спектра биологического действия. Регулятор роста Зеребра Агро , применяемый в исследованиях на культуре сои, создан на основе коллоидного серебра. Его положительное действие в первую очередь определяется влиянием ионов серебра на растения за счёт ингибирования отклика клеток на фитогормон этилен, что приводит к соответствующим изменением баланса физиологических процессов. Применение регулятора роста Зеребра Агро для обработки семян и вегетирующих посевов сои позволило увеличить высоту растений в среднем за 2 года на 23 см, площадь листьев в фазу налива семян на 2,78,8 тыс. м2/га, урожайность семян на 0,10,23 т/га, содержание белка на 2,03,7, а содержание жира на 0,10,3 в сравнении с контролем. Показано действие регулятора роста Зеребра Агро на повышение устойчивости растений сои к неблагоприятным факторам внешней среды, болезням, а также на рост и развитие растений, продуктивность сои и качество продукции. The investigation took place in 20162017 on sod-podzolic sandy soil. The goal was to determine a potential productivity of northern soybean varieties and an effectiveness of growth regulators in the Kaluga region. Soybean varieties Mageva, Svetlaya and Kasatka performed as objects of the study. Lately Crop Production showed that low concentrations of Ag salts negatively affect phytopathogenic microflora. Plants get treated by silver-containing preparations colloidal solutions containing Ag nanoparticles of wide spectrum of biological action. Growth regulator Zerebra Agro is based on colloidal silver and used on soybean. Ag slows down plant cell response in the presence of ethylene changing the chain of physiological reactions. Treatments of soybean seeds and plants with Zerebra Agro increased plant height by 23 cm for 2 years, leaf surface at seed formation time by 2.78.8 thousand m2 ha-1, seed yield by 0.10.23 t ha-1, protein content by 2.03.7, fat concentration by 0.10.3. This paper also reports on the effect of Zerebra Agro on soybean resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses as well as plant growth, yield and quality.

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