The gut microbiota in pigs: ecology and biotherapeutics

2022 ◽  
pp. 129-164
Author(s):  
Thomas C. A. Hitch ◽  
◽  
David Wylensek ◽  
Jürgen Harlizius ◽  
Thomas Clavel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Bacterial Consortia

The community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestine of mammals are referred to as the gut microbiome and are known to influence the health of their host. Despite extensive work in the last decades, we still know remarkably little about their diversity and the molecular mechanisms underlying interactions with the host. After reviewing the main methods used to analyse gut microbiomes, we summarize data on the structural and functional diversity of the microbial ecosystem in pigs and also highlight the potential of cultivation and applications based on the use of minimal bacterial consortia.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Modulation Based on Probiotic Application for Anti-Obesity: A Review on Efficacy and Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaliyan Barathikannan ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Momna Rubab ◽  
Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri ◽  
Fazle Elahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Impact

The growing prevalence of obesity has become an important problem worldwide as obesity has several health risks. Notably, factors such as excessive food consumption, a sedentary way of life, high sugar consumption, a fat-rich diet, and a certain genetic profile may lead to obesity. The present review brings together recent advances regarding the significance of interventions involving intestinal gut bacteria and host metabolic phenotypes. We assess important biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on hosts including bile salt metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, and metabolic endotoxemia. Some previous studies have shown a link between microbiota and obesity, and associated disease reports have been documented. Thus, this review focuses on obesity and gut microbiota interactions and further develops the mechanism of the gut microbiome approach related to human obesity. Specifically, we highlight several alternative diet treatments including dietary changes and supplementation with probiotics. The future direction or comparative significance of fecal transplantation, synbiotics, and metabolomics as an approach to the modulation of intestinal microbes is also discussed.

scholarly journals Impairment of Intestinal Barrier Function Induced by Early Weaning via Autophagy and Apoptosis Associated With Gut Microbiome and Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Tang ◽  
Jingliang Liu ◽  
Yanfei Ma ◽  
Yusen Wei ◽  
Jianxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway

Early weaning piglet is frequently accompanied by severe enteric inflammatory responses and microbiota dysbiosis. The links between the gut microbiome and the etiology of gut inflammation are not fully understood. The study is aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms mediating inflammatory reactivity following early weaning, and to find whether these changes are correlated with gut microbiota and metabolite signatures by comparison between suckling piglets (SPs) and weaning piglets (WPs). Histopathology analysis showed a severe inflammatory response and the disruption of epithelial barrier function. Early weaning resulted in reduced autophagy indicated as the suppression of autophagic flux, whereas induced the TLR4/P38MAPK/IL-1β-mediated apoptotic pathway, as well as activation of the IL-1β precursor. The alpha-diversity and microbial composition were changed in WPs, such as the decreased abundances of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus. Microbial co-concurrence analysis revealed that early weaning significantly decreased network complexity, including network size, degree, average clustering coefficient and number of keystone species, as compared with the SP group. Differentially abundant metabolites were mainly associated with amino acid and purine metabolism. Strong correlations were detected between discrepant microbial taxa and multiple inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, we found that dysregulations of autophagy and apoptosis pathway were involved in colon inflammation during weaned period, which may result from gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study may provide possible intervention modalities for preventing or treating post-weaning infections through maintaining gut microbial ecosystem integrity.

More than just a gut instinct–the potential interplay between a baby's nutrition, its gut microbiome, and the epigenome

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (12) ◽  
pp. R1065-R1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Mischke ◽  
Torsten Plösch
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Major Target

Substantial evidence links early postnatal nutrition to the development of obesity later in life. However, the molecular mechanisms of this connection must be further elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms have been indicated to be involved in this process, referred to as metabolic programming. Therefore, we propose here that early postnatal nutrition (breast and formula feeding) epigenetically programs the developing organs via modulation of the gut microbiome and influences the body weight phenotype including the predisposition to obesity. Specifically, the early-age food patterns are known to determine the gross composition of the early gut microbiota. In turn, the microbiota produces large quantities of epigenetically active metabolites, such as folate and short chain fatty acids (butyrate and acetate). The spectrum of these produced metabolites depends on the composition of the gut microbiota. Hence, it is likely that changes in gut microbiota that result in altered metabolite composition might influence the epigenome of directly adjacent intestinal cells, as well as other major target cell populations, such as hepatocytes and adipocytes. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors (the PPARs, LXR, RXR, and others) could be physiologically relevant targets of this metabolite-induced epigenetic regulation. Ultimately, transcriptional networks regulating energy balance could be manipulated. For these reasons, we postulate that early nutrition may influence the baby epigenome via microbial metabolites, which contributes to the observed relationship between early nutrition and adult obesity.

scholarly journals A Review of the Role of Gut microbiome in Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Muxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Intestinal Microbial Community ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Host Metabolism

Obesity has become a global epidemic during the last several years. In addition to genes, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and other factors that mainly give rise to obesity, gut microbiome recently has aroused great concern for its pivotal role in obesity and host metabolism. A great number of studies have done to uncover the inner associations between gut microbiota and obesity. Among the commonly reported findings, the phylum of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are highly related to excessive weight gain, with a higher ratio of F/B in obese subjects. In this review, we summarized some important studies focusing on the alteration and possible role of different bacterial taxa affecting obesity. We also discussed the diet effect on intestinal microbial community and potential molecular mechanisms of energy metabolism involved by gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Lymphoid Neoplasms

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117955492110241
Author(s):  
Zhuangzhuang Shi ◽  
Mingzhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Lymphoid Neoplasms ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Lymphoid neoplasms encompass a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a predilection for immunocompromised individuals, and the disease burden of lymphoid neoplasms has been rising globally over the last decade. At the same time, mounting studies delineated a crucial role of the gut microbiome in the aetiopathogenesis of various diseases. Orchestrated interactions between myriad microorganisms and the gastrointestinal mucosa establish a defensive barrier for a range of physiological processes, especially immunity and metabolism. These findings provide new perspectives to harness our knowledge of the gut microbiota for preclinical and clinical studies of lymphoma. Here, we review recent findings that support a role for the gut microbiota in the development of lymphoid neoplasms and pinpoint relevant molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, we propose the microbiota-gut-lymphoma axis as a promising target for clinical translation, including auxiliary diagnosis, novel prevention and treatment strategies, and predicting clinical outcomes and treatment-related adverse effects of the disease in the future. This review will reveal a fascinating avenue of research in the microbiota-mediated lymphoma field.

scholarly journals Probiotics and MicroRNA: Their Roles in the Host–Microbe Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Yan Zeng ◽  
Dong Zeng ◽  
Hesong Wang ◽  
Mengjia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Probiotics are widely accepted to be beneficial for the maintenance of the gut homeostasis – the dynamic and healthy interactions between host and gut microorganisms. In addition, emerging as a key molecule of inter-domain communication, microRNAs (miRNAs) can also mediate the host–microbe interactions. However, a comprehensive description and summary of the association between miRNAs and probiotics have not been reported yet. In this review, we have discussed the roles of probiotics and miRNAs in host–microbe interactions and proposed the association of probiotics with altered miRNAs in various intestinal diseases and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the action of probiotics. Furthermore, we provided a perspective of probiotics–miRNA–host/gut microbiota axis applied in search of disease management highly associated with the gut microbiome, which will potentially prove to be beneficial for future studies.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome affects the metabolism of metronidazole in mice through regulation of hepatic cytochromes P450 expression

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259643
Author(s):  
Nina Zemanová ◽  
Kateřina Lněničková ◽  
Markéta Vavrečková ◽  
Eva Anzenbacherová ◽  
Pavel Anzenbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytochromes P450 ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Biotransformation Enzymes ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Microbiome is now considered as a significant metabolic organ with an immense potential to influence overall human health. A number of diseases that are associated with pharmacotherapy interventions was linked with altered gut microbiota. Moreover, it has been reported earlier that gut microbiome modulates the fate of more than 30 commonly used drugs and, vice versa, drugs have been shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiome. The molecular mechanisms of this mutual relationship, however, remain mostly elusive. Recent studies indicate an indirect effect of the gut microbiome through its metabolites on the expression of biotransformation enzymes in the liver. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of gut microbiome on the fate of metronidazole in the mice through modulation of system of drug metabolizing enzymes, namely by alteration of the expression and activity of selected cytochromes P450 (CYPs). To assess the influence of gut microbiome, germ-free mice (GF) in comparison to control specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice were used. First, it has been found that the absence of microbiota significantly affected plasma concentration of metronidazole, resulting in higher levels (by 30%) of the parent drug in murine plasma of GF mice. Further, the significant interaction between presence/absence of the gut microbiome and effect of metronidazole application, which together influence mRNA expression of CAR, PPARα, Cyp2b10 and Cyp2c38 was determined. Administration of metronidazole itself influenced significantly mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c38 and Cyp2d22. Finally, GF mice have shown lower level of enzyme activity of CYP2A and CYP3A than their SPF counterparts. The results hence have shown that, beside direct bacterial metabolism, different expression and enzyme activity of hepatic CYPs in the presence/absence of gut microbiota may be responsible for the altered metronidazole metabolism.

scholarly journals The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut–Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Ji ◽  
Yue Yin ◽  
Lijun Sun ◽  
Weizhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most frequent classification of liver disease around the globe. Along with the sequencing technologies, gut microbiota has been regarded as a vital factor for the maintenance of human and animal health and the mediation of multiple diseases. The modulation of gut microbiota as a mechanism affecting the pathogenesis of NAFLD is becoming a growing area of concern. Recent advances in the communication between gut and hepatic tissue pave novel ways to better explain the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathological physiology of NAFLD. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge of the mechanisms correlated with the development and progression of NAFLD regulated by the gut microbiome and gut–liver axis, which may provide crucial therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. These mechanisms predominantly involve: (1) the alteration in gut microbiome profile; (2) the effects of components and metabolites from gut bacteria (e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA)); and (3) the impairment of intestinal barrier function and bile acid homeostasis. In particular, the prevention and therapy of NAFLD assisted by nutritional strategies are highlighted, including probiotics, functional oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, functional amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-glutamine), carotenoids, and polyphenols, based on the targets excavated from the gut–liver axis.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota modulation induced by Zika virus infection in immunocompetent mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Corrêa ◽  
Igor de Oliveira Santos ◽  
Heloísa Antoniella Braz-de-Melo ◽  
Lívia Pimentel de Sant’Ana ◽  
Raquel das Neves Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractGut microbiota composition can modulate neuroendocrine function, inflammation, and cellular and immunological responses against different pathogens, including viruses. Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect adult immunocompetent individuals and trigger brain damage and antiviral responses. However, it is not known whether ZIKV infection could impact the gut microbiome from adult immunocompetent mice. Here, we investigated modifications induced by ZIKV infection in the gut microbiome of immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice. Adult C57BL/6J mice were infected with ZIKV and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed by next-generation sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region present in the bacterial 16S rDNA gene. Our data showed that ZIKV infection triggered a significant decrease in the bacteria belonging to Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, and increased Deferribacteres and Spirochaetes phyla components compared to uninfected mice. Interestingly, ZIKV infection triggered a significant increase in the abundance of bacteria from the Spirochaetaceae family in the gut microbiota. Lastly, we demonstrated that modulation of microbiota induced by ZIKV infection may lead to intestinal epithelium damage and intense leukocyte recruitment to the intestinal mucosa. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ZIKV infection can impact the gut microbiota composition and colon tissue homeostasis in adult immunocompetent mice.

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