scholarly journals El proclítico verbal a: el vínculo entre el Poqomchi’ y los idiomas mayas cholanos

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 217-236
Author(s):  
Igor Vinogradov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Postclassic Period ◽  
Past Event ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Mayan Languages ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Considerable Period

Some missionary texts written during the Colonial period in the Poqomchi’ language (Mayan family, K’ichean subgroup) attest the verbal proclitic a, that is being lost in the modern language. It was added to verb forms in the completive aspect marked by the prefix x- and indicated, roughly speaking, the relevance of a past event at the moment of utterance. The same proclitic with similar meaning is also registered in two Mayan languages of the Cholan subgroup: Chontal of Tabasco and Chontal of Acalán. The Poqomchi’ people, despite their origin in the Guatemalan highlands, were neighbors of the Cholan groups for a considerable period of time. It is probable that the proclitic a was introduced to Poqomchi’ during the Postclassic period thanks to language contacts with some Cholan group, possibly the Acalá, who spoke a variety of Chontal, that is, a western Cholan language.

Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico, Postclassic Chronology

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Toby Evans ◽  
AnnCorinne Freter
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Postclassic Period ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Late Postclassic ◽  
Absolute Dating

AbstractThe Postclassic period in central Mexico was characterized by enormous population growth and expansion of settlement, but the timing of the onset of these processes has been poorly understood. Obsidian tools from residential contexts at the Late Postclassic village of Cihuatecpan in the Teotihuacan Valley have been analyzed to determine the extent of hydration, and thus the amount of time elapsed since the tools were manufactured. Estimated dates of manufacture range betweena.d.1221 and 1568, consistent with ethnohistoric accounts of the timing of establishment of Cihuatecpan and other rural villages, and their abandonment in the Early Colonial period. Ceramics found in the same contexts as the obsidian tools include Black-on-orange types, such as III, which may have come into use in the thirteenth century. This experiment in relative and absolute dating accords with other current research, indicating a needed revision of traditional chronologies toward an earlier onset of major processes.

Tiçiyotl and Titiçih: Late Postclassic and Early Colonial Nahua Healing, Diagnosis, and Prognosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Polanco
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Postclassic Period ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Late Postclassic ◽  
Corn Kernels

Nahua peoples in central Mexico in the late postclassic period (1200–1521) and the early colonial period (1521–1650) had a sophisticated and complex system of healing known as tiçiyotl. Titiçih, the practitioners of tiçiyotl, were men and women that had specialized knowledge of rocks, plants, minerals, and animals. They used these materials to treat diseases and injuries. Furthermore, titiçih used tlapohualiztli (the interpretation of objects to obtain information from nonhuman forces) to ascertain the source of a person’s ailment. For this purpose, male and female titiçih interpreted cords, water, tossed corn kernels, and they measured body parts. Titiçih could also ingest entheogenic substances (materials that released the divinity within itself) to communicate with nonhuman forces and thus diagnose and prognosticate a patient’s condition. Once a tiçitl obtained the necessary information to understand his or her patient’s affliction, he or she created and provided the necessary pahtli (a concoction used to treat an injury, illness, or condition) for the infirm person. Finally, titiçih performed important ritual offerings before, during, and after healing that insured the compliance of nonhuman forces to restore and maintain their patients’ health.

Burundi: Państwo i społeczeństwo (od kolonializmu do współczesności)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Bar
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
East Central ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Stable Development ◽  
Independent Existence ◽  
Independent Country

BURUNDI: THE STATE AND SOCIETY (FROM THE COLONIAL PERIOD UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY) Burundi, a small country located in east-central Africa, is one of the most unstable countries on the continent. Similarly to the neighbouring Rwanda, over the last 50 years, the country has suffered tragic consequences of a civil war resulting from the conflict between politicians from the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups. The presented monograph covers a period of 130 years in a chronological manner, starting from the establishment of the foundations of the European colonial administration in the 1890s; however, the main emphasis is placed on the problems connected with the development of an independent country and strengthening (or even establishing) the national identity of its citizens. Burundi gained independence in 1962; the existing time gap allows for drawing certain conclusions and conducting an evaluation of the first 50 years of the independent existence of the country, which has little prospect of really changing the unfavorable development trends of, at least, the last three decades. At the moment, there are still no positive indications of a possible stable development of the country in the future, and the relatively stable years of the first half of the 20th century have been overshadowed by the subsequent decades of coups, genocides, and the governments’ lack of will to effectively establish peace and the rule of law.

The Politics of Literature

PMLA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Drell Reck
Keyword(s):  
Good Faith ◽  
Modern Language Association ◽  
Political Involvement ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Politics Of Literature ◽  
Association Meeting ◽  
The Moment

As teachers of literature we find ourselves involved with and compromised by the contemporary world. The events of the December 1968 Modern Language Association meeting made our dilemma painfully clear. The dissidents of the MLA have shaken the organization out of its lethargy. We must assess the extent of our responsibility and the nature of our commitments on two levels, the personal and the professional. To teach literature effectively and communicate with students themselves intensely aware of contemporary realities we must ourselves be responsible and conscious. The present disagreement within the MLA concerns the mode of our responsibility: shall we act as private individuals on social and political questions or shall we assume that precise and uniform political involvement is our best course? The course proposed to us by the dissidents of the MLA would endanger our position as critical intellectuals free to determine our own responsibility and to assume it. To politicize the MLA would be to institutionalize bad faith precisely at the moment when we realize most acutely the necessity of good faith and ruthless honesty with ourselves if we are to survive as a meaningful organization.

scholarly journals Educação Física em Moçambique: dilemas históricos da formação e atuação profissional

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Pedro António Pessula ◽  
Madalena Tirano Bive
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Training Professional

ResumoO presente artigo analisa o contexto histórico da formação e atuação profissional em Educação Física em Moçambique. Para a construção do mesmo foram consideradas as vivências e experiências dos autores como professores de Educação Física, artigos publicados e documentos oficiais. Constatamos que a formação de professores sofreu várias metamorfoses em função da realidade de cada época; desde o período colonial até hoje não houve mudanças em conteúdos lecionados na Educação Física escolar; a atuação profissional dos professores é influenciada pelos preconceitos e estereótipos de género e corpo onde se verifica a separação de meninos e meninas nas aulas e no tipo de atividade desportiva; há interferências das práticas sociais e culturais como os ritos de iniciação, os mitos e tabus nas aulas. Em função destas constatações, perspetivamos reconstruir a formação e a atuação profissional em Educação Física a partir de um olhar intercultural e pós- colonial.Palavras-chave: Formação. Atuação Profissional. Educação Física. Moçambique.Physical Education in Mozambique: historical dilemmas of training and professional activityAbstractThe present article analyzes the historical context of the formation and professional performance in Physical Education in the Mozambican context, taking into account the record shifts of the colonial period up to the moment. For the construction of the article, experiences of the authors as teachers of Physical Education, published articles and official documents were considered. We found that teacher training underwent several metamorphoses in function of the reality of each epoch; from the colonial period until today, there were no changes of contents taught in the Physical School Education; the professional performance of teachers is influenced by stereotypes of gender and body prejudices where it can be noticed the separation of boys and girls in the classes and in the type of sports activity to be performed in class in accordance with the body structure. There are negative influences of social and cultural practices such as initiation rites, myths and taboos in class. Based on these findings, we intend to reconstruct the formation and professional activity of the Physical Education teacher from an intercultural and postcolonial.Keywords: Training. Professional Performance. Physical Education. Mozambique.Educación Física en Mozambique: dilemas históricos de la formación y actuación profesionalResumenEl presente artículo analiza el contexto histórico de la formación y actuación profesional en Educación Física en el contexto mozambiqueño, teniendo en cuenta las transforaciones registradas del período colonial hasta el momento. Para la construcción del mismo fueron consideradas las vivencias y experiencias de los autores como profesores de Educación Física, artículos publicados y documentos oficiales. Constatamos que la formación de profesores sufrió varias cambio en función de la realidad de cada época; desde el período colonial hasta hoy no hubo cambios en contenidos leídos en la Educación Física escolar; la actuación profesional de los profesores es influenciada por los prejuicios y estereotipos de género y cuerpo donde se verifica la separación de niños y niñas en las clases y en el tipo de actividad deportiva a realizar en la clase en función del cuerpo; hay influencias negativas de las prácticas sociales y culturales como los ritos de iniciación, los mitos y tabúes en las clases. En función de estas constataciones, perspetivamos reconstruir la formación y la actuación profesional del profesor de Educación Física a partir de una mirada intercultural y postcolonial.Palabras clave: Formación. Actuación Profesional. Educación Física. Mozambique.

All-Union Congress of Eye Doctors in Moscow

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
R. A. Batarchukov
Keyword(s):  
Major Event ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Masses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
The Revolution

The last days of September last year should be undoubtedly marked as the moment of a major event in Russian ophthalmology, - during these days, from 27 September to 1 October, the First All-Union Congress of Ophthalmologists convened at the initiative of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR in Moscow. This congress occupies a special place among the masses of congresses in various fields of medicine, if only because it is the first time during the war and the revolution that it meets together after a considerable period which has elapsed since the 1st All-Russian Congress of Oculists took place exactly 13 years ago.

The Organization by Nations at Constance

1932 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise R. Loomis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The West ◽  
Church Administration ◽  
Robber Barons ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Considerable Period

The Council of Constance, like any other serious event involving many people and lasting over a considerable period of time, can be studied from many points of view. It started out as a gathering for purely ecclesiastical purposes. But some twenty or thirty thousand persons from every class of society, except, perhaps, the lowest, cannot come and remain together for almost four years to discuss one set of difficult and complicated questions without, intentionally or unintentionally, raising many other questions, social, religious, philosophic, economic and political, and forming for the moment, as it were, a microcosm of the forces of the age. Most of the issues that agitated Europe five hundred years ago cropped up sooner or later at Constance, the cost of living, the obnoxiousness of robber barons and private warfare, the right and wrong of tyrannicide, the conflict between Germans and Poles in the East and between English and French in the West, to say nothing of the special issues with which the Council was expected to deal, the claims of three popes to be the only true successors of St. Peter, the perilous teachings of Wiclef and Hus and the worldliness and corruption of church administration.

The Serpent Within: Birth Rituals and Midwifery Practices in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mesoamerican Cultures

Ethnohistory ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-719
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Vail
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Postclassic Period ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
The One ◽  
Umbilical Cords

Abstract This article focuses on female-gendered activities in Mesoamerican culture and reveals a strong link between conception, pregnancy, and childbirth on the one hand and weaving and other activities that produce cloth on the other. Supporting evidence from sources such as codices painted during the Postclassic period (13th to 15th centuries) in the northern Maya area indicates that these associations have a longtime depth, spanning at least a millennium. Ethnohistoric sources from highland Guatemala, paired with contemporary practices in that region, provide further insights into beliefs and rituals associated with childbirth and midwifery among prehispanic Maya populations. A review of colonial-period Nahuatl sources provides a comparative perspective for framing the Maya data within the broader context of pre-Conquest Mesoamerica. Despite the events that have transpired during the past five hundred years in this region, this study finds that many of the elements that were key to this conceptual framework during the Pre-Hispanic period continue to be important today, although their range is more restricted now than it was during the Postclassic and colonial periods. Striking commonalities, as noted, are those that link weaving activities with pregnancy and childbirth. Additionally, objects and iconography related to women and birth—in the form of serpents, umbilical cords, and ropes—tie the act of birth to primordial creation events and highlight the association between midwife and creator grandmother.

“The Law of the New Hebrides is the Protector of their Lawlessness”: Justice, Race and Colonial Rivalry in the Early Anglo-French Condominium

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-620
Author(s):  
Kate Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Native Code ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Linguistics

[It] is not I who am on trial here today, but the Law of the New Hebrides.In 1906, Britain and France jointly annexed the New Hebrides. A y-shaped archipelago in the southwest Pacific Ocean, the New Hebrides—which became Vanuatu upon independence in 1980—comprised some eighty islands characterized by high levels of linguistic and cultural diversity. At the moment of annexation, there were also Presbyterian, Anglican, and Catholic missionaries and Euro-American planters and traders, who overlaid religious and national divisions onto the existing social and linguistics ones. Anglo-French rule under the New Hebrides Condominium added a hybrid legal system to this complex mix. During the colonial period, four distinct jurisdictions existed, indicative of the divided, rival nature of governance. These included joint Condominium law, British common law, French civil law, and from 1928, a native code and courts. The plurality and ambiguity of the legal system left ample space for critique and for alternative, extrajudicial justice, as this article explores.

The acquisition of early verbs in French: Assessing the role of conversation and of child-directed speech

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Veneziano ◽  
Christophe Parisse
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
First Language ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Single Form ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

This article examines the production of early verbs by two children acquiring French as their first language. The study focuses on the developmental period during which verbs are produced in one form only. Child-directed speech (CDS) and conversational contingencies (CC) occurring around these verbal forms were analysed up to the moment when some verbs are produced in two different forms. Results show that children’s use of a single form per verb can also be found in CDS by adults where the majority of verbs are used in one morphophonological form only. Moreover, the particular form children use for a given verb corresponds to the one adults predominantly use in CDS. At the same time, child-produced verb forms are reinforced in the CC occurring in adult—child exchanges. When trying to separate the role of CCs from that of more general CDS, for both children the study found that for about half of the verbal forms CDS and CC provide the same congruent information. Of the remaining verb types, three-quarters are explained by CC, while fewer then 15 percent are explained by CDS, indicating that CCs are a stronger source of influence than general input. These findings underline the close relationships between patterns of language acquisition, conversational exchanges and CDS. The data suggest a construction process based on specific characteristics of the language children hear, what they can produce and, importantly, the temporally close reinforcing relations between these two that are forged in conversational interactions.

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