scholarly journals Characterization by Cone Penetration Tests of the decalcified Zandvliet Sand (Lillo Formation, North Belgium)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
Jef DECKERS ◽  
Jasper VERHAEGEN ◽  
Ilse VERGAUWEN
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Cone Resistance ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Penetration Tests ◽  
Overlying Strata

The sandy Zandvliet Member represents a particular, decalcified facies in the top of the Pliocene Lillo Formation in northern Belgium. Based on the correlation with nearby boreholes at the type locality of the Zandvliet Member, we were able to characterize this unit on Cone Penetration Tests. Compared to the underlying Merksem Member, the Zandvliet Member generally shows markedly lower cone resistance values. Since besides the decalcification, the Zandvliet Member is lithologically nearly identical to the underlying Merksem Member, the lower cone resistance values in the Zandvliet Member compared to the Merksem Member can only be the result of the decalcification of the Zandvliet Member. Indeed, the partly decalcified top of the Merksem Member also gives similar cone resistance values as the Zandvliet Member. Decalcification of the Eocene Brussel Sand in central Belgium is also known to have resulted in lower cone resistance values. Our Cone Penetration Test interpretations show that the thickness of the Zandvliet Member strongly varies across short distances (>10 m across 1 km). As the Zandvliet Member thickens, the underlying Merksem Member thins and vice versa. This trend is not in line with that of the under- and overlying strata, i.e. intraformational, nor with the depositional environment of these units. The thickness changes of the Zandvliet Member therefore purely reflect changes in depth of the post-depositional decalcification into the original shell-bearing sand (i.e. original Merksem Member). This confirms the existing hypothesis that the Zandvliet Member actually represents the decalcified part of the Merksem Member. The anomalous heavy mineralogy of the Zandvliet Member compared to the other members of the Lillo Formation cannot be readily explained by the acid chemical weathering which caused the decalcification. This may rather be related to a change in the primary heavy mineral signal of the upper part of the Merksem Member and equivalent Zandvliet Member compared to the underlying sequences of the Lillo Formation. The reason for the post-depositional decalcification could be similar to the Pleistocene changes in soil acidity invoked for decalcification of time-equivalent Red Crag sand in England.

Numerical Simulation of Cone Penetration Tests Inside Suction Caisson Foundations in Sand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Stapelfeldt ◽  
Diaa Alkateeb ◽  
Jürgen Grabe ◽  
Britta Bienen
Keyword(s):  
Cone Penetration Test ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Plug ◽  
Suction Caisson ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Caisson Foundations ◽  
Penetration Tests

Abstract Offshore wind is increasingly utilised as a renewable energy source. A growing number of bottom fixed wind turbines installed offshore are supported by suction caisson foundations. The suction-assisted installation remains a source of uncertainty towards the in-service performance due to the unknown post-installation soil plug state. Cone penetration tests within the suction caisson can help to improve the reliability. Therefore, cone penetration tests were employed in centrifuge tests to investigate the plug state in a previously installed suction caisson. However, the performance of a cone penetration test in a small-scale experiment is connected to uncertainties: A relatively large diameter device is required to conduct the cone penetration test — especially in a centrifuge test. Different finite element models are developed in order to visualise and investigate a cone penetration test inside a suction caisson. The numerical analysis results are validated through the back-calculation of centrifuge cone penetration tests. The results of the simulated cone penetration tests inside a suction caisson are evaluated and compared to the centrifuge experiments. This investigation reinforces the scope of the centrifuge experiments and emphasises a considerable effect of the pressure transferral through the caisson lid in the soil plug state. Hence, the results of this study reduce existing uncertainties regarding possible suction installation effects on the in-service performance of caisson foundations.

Static cone tests and settlement of calcareous desert sands

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil F. Ismael ◽  
Abdul Majeed Jeragh
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Standard Penetration Test ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Pressure ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Penetration Tests

The results of a recent in situ testing program to establish standard penetration test – cone penetration test (SPT–CPT) correlation for the windblown calcareous desert sands of Kuwait are presented and analyzed. The program consisted of auger borings and static cone tests at five sites along a 35 km long corridor. The resulting correlation was employed for prediction of the allowable soil pressure of footings at seven sites in Kuwait where load tests were carried out on square concrete footings placed at a depth of 1 m below ground surface. A comparison of the measured to the predicted soil pressures using the Schmertmann method indicated very close agreement. The average ratio of measured to predicted soil pressure is 93% for the seven test sites. Recommendations are made for further testing to determine the long-term settlement components due to creep and cyclic loading. Key words: load tests, sands, footings, allowable pressure, settlement, field tests, borings, cone penetration tests.

Notes on the Correlation of Cone Penetration Test Results in Weak Chalk at Norwich, Norfolk

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-221
Author(s):  
H. Erwig ◽  
J. I. Pattinson
Keyword(s):  
Site Investigation ◽  
Standard Penetration Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Deep Boreholes ◽  
A Site ◽  
Penetration Tests

AbstractA site investigation has been carried out at Norwich, Norfolk consisting of deep boreholes and static electric cone penetration tests. Notes are given on the methods of investigation and on tentative classification of the weak chalk in this area together with the measured parameters of cone end resistance and standard penetration test ‘N’ values.

scholarly journals Cone penetration tests in dry and saturated Ticino sand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max O. Kluger ◽  
Stefan Kreiter ◽  
Florian T. Stähler ◽  
Majid Goodarzi ◽  
Tim Stanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cone Resistance ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Penetration Tests

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that dry and saturated sands exhibit similar cone resistance–relative density relationships. Some studies pointed out that partial saturation and calcareous sands with considerable fines content are potential factors affecting these relationships. However, there is experimental evidence in Shaqour Bull Eng Geol Environ 66:59-70, (2006) that clean uncemented quartz sand may exhibit lower cone resistance in saturated conditions. The present study aims on contributing towards better understanding the effect of water saturation on cone resistance in sand. For this purpose, Ticino sand samples were prepared dry and saturated in a calibration chamber and cone penetration tests were performed over a wide range of relative densities and at two consolidation stresses. Overall, it was observed that dry and saturated samples exhibited similar cone resistances. Only slightly higher cone resistances were observed for dry samples at the lower consolidation stress. Two anomalous samples, which were tested dry at medium relative density, were found to exhibit way higher cone resistances than expected from published cone resistance–relative density relationships. The Young's modulus was observed to be proportional to cone resistance and independent of whether a sample was tested dry or saturated, being therefore considered as more robust soil property for cone resistance relationships.

scholarly journals Testing Grease Consistency

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Alan Gurt ◽  
Michael M. Khonsari
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
New Method ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Relative Consistency ◽  
Penetration Tests

Because of the influential role of consistency in selecting a grease for a given application, accurate and meaningful methodologies for its measurements are vitally important. A new method, recently introduced, uses a rheometer to compress a grease sample to evaluate a relative consistency between a fresh and degraded grease; however, the results of this approach compared to a standard penetrometer and other methods of assessing consistency have not been studied. This paper takes a closer look at the relevant parameters involved in the rheometer penetration test and establishes a recommended procedure for its use. The consistency of various greases is then tested using this method and compared to results obtained from yield stress, crossover stress, and cone penetration tests. The results indicate that rheometer penetration may be used to assess the change in consistency for a given grease but should not be used to compare different greases. For this purpose, the crossover stress method is recommended, which is shown to correlate very well with cone penetration while using a simple procedure and allowing the use of a substantially smaller sample. A strong power law correlation between crossover stress and cone penetration was found for all greases tested and is presented in Figure 12.

Prediction of pile shaft resistance using cone penetration tests (CPTs)

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Baziar ◽  
Armin Kashkooli ◽  
Alireza Saeedi-Azizkandi
Keyword(s):  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Shaft Resistance ◽  
Pile Shaft ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Penetration Tests

scholarly journals Using CPTs to derive thermal properties of soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 04005
Author(s):  
Philip J. Vardon ◽  
Joek Peuchen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Volumetric Heat Capacity ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Cone Penetration Tests ◽  
Penetration Tests ◽  
Properties Of Soil

A method of utilizing cone penetration tests (CPTs) is presented which gives continuous profiles of both the in situ thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, along with the in situ temperature, for the upper tens of meters of the ground. Correlations from standard CPT results (cone resistance, sleeve friction and pore pressure) are utilized for both thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity for saturated soil. These, in conjunction with point-wise thermal conductivity and in situ temperature results using a Thermal CPT (T-CPT), allow accurate continuous profiles to be derived. The CPT-based method is shown via a field investigation supported by laboratory tests to give accurate and robust results.

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